cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

how do unicellular organisms such as bacteria receive and respond to their environment

A

they sense and swim towards high concentrations of nutrients

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2
Q

what is signal transduction

A

cell signalling

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3
Q

what does cell signalling focus on

A

how cells receive and generate messages in response to their environment

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4
Q

what is cell- cell communication

A

the process of cellular communication within the body driven by cells releasing and receiving signalling molecules

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5
Q

what are the 3 stages of cell signalling

A

reception, transduction, response

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6
Q

what happens in the reception stage of cell signalling

A

a signalling molecule binds to a receptor which triggers a cascade of reactions called a signal transduction pathway

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7
Q

what happens in the transduction stage of cell signalling

A

molecules are relayed in a signal transduction pathway

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8
Q

what happens in the response stage of cell signalling

A

the activation of cellular response

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9
Q

how do signals travel in long distance signalling

A

the molecule is released into the blood till it reaches the target cell

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10
Q

how do signals travel during short distance travel

A

contact to contact signalling,
- paracrine signalling
- autocrine signalling ( cell activates itself)

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11
Q

what are ligands

A

signalling molecules

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12
Q

where are receptors located

A

inside the cell - located inside the cytosol and nucleus
on the cell surface

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13
Q

what are the 3 main types of cell surface receptors

A

ion channel- linked receptors, enzyme- linked receptors, G protein linked receptors

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14
Q

what is intracellular signal transduction

A

the surface receptors regulate intracellular enzymes, which transmit signals from the receptor to intracellular targets

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15
Q

what does ligand binding to a receptor initiate

A

a chain of intracellular reactions, that reach the nucleus and alter the gene expression

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16
Q

what are GPCR’s

A

G protein-coupled receptors, they’re the largest family of cell surface receptors

17
Q

what are the 5 main classes of GPCR’s

A

Class A - Rhodopsin type
Class B - secretin type
Class C - glutamine type
Class F - frizzled type
Unclassified

18
Q

what is an example of a Class A Rhodopsin GPCR

A

adrenoreceptors

19
Q

what is an example of a Class B secretin GPCR

A

Glucagon receptors

20
Q

what is an example of a Class C glutamine GPCR

A

GABA receptors

21
Q

what is an example of a Class F frizzled GPCR

A

Frizzled receptors

22
Q

what is an example of an unclassified GPCR

A

taste receptors

23
Q

what type of protein is linked to odor detection

A

GPCR’s

24
Q

how many membrane spanning a-helices do GPCR’s have

A

7

25
Q
A