cell communication Flashcards
how do unicellular organisms such as bacteria receive and respond to their environment
they sense and swim towards high concentrations of nutrients
what is signal transduction
cell signalling
what does cell signalling focus on
how cells receive and generate messages in response to their environment
what is cell- cell communication
the process of cellular communication within the body driven by cells releasing and receiving signalling molecules
what are the 3 stages of cell signalling
reception, transduction, response
what happens in the reception stage of cell signalling
a signalling molecule binds to a receptor which triggers a cascade of reactions called a signal transduction pathway
what happens in the transduction stage of cell signalling
molecules are relayed in a signal transduction pathway
what happens in the response stage of cell signalling
the activation of cellular response
how do signals travel in long distance signalling
the molecule is released into the blood till it reaches the target cell
how do signals travel during short distance travel
contact to contact signalling,
- paracrine signalling
- autocrine signalling ( cell activates itself)
what are ligands
signalling molecules
where are receptors located
inside the cell - located inside the cytosol and nucleus
on the cell surface
what are the 3 main types of cell surface receptors
ion channel- linked receptors, enzyme- linked receptors, G protein linked receptors
what is intracellular signal transduction
the surface receptors regulate intracellular enzymes, which transmit signals from the receptor to intracellular targets
what does ligand binding to a receptor initiate
a chain of intracellular reactions, that reach the nucleus and alter the gene expression
what are GPCR’s
G protein-coupled receptors, they’re the largest family of cell surface receptors
what are the 5 main classes of GPCR’s
Class A - Rhodopsin type
Class B - secretin type
Class C - glutamine type
Class F - frizzled type
Unclassified
what is an example of a Class A Rhodopsin GPCR
adrenoreceptors
what is an example of a Class B secretin GPCR
Glucagon receptors
what is an example of a Class C glutamine GPCR
GABA receptors
what is an example of a Class F frizzled GPCR
Frizzled receptors
what is an example of an unclassified GPCR
taste receptors
what type of protein is linked to odor detection
GPCR’s
how many membrane spanning a-helices do GPCR’s have
7
