Tissues Flashcards
define histology
the study of tissues
what are the 4 major tissue types
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
what characteristics do all tissue types share
- exist as aggregations of identical cells (sheets, lumps, etc.)
- has a range of specific shapes, sizes, thickness, and intercellular connections
- has unique distribution pattern throughout the body
what type of physician must be able to identify tissue types based on their shape, size, thickness, and cell connections
pathologist/histopathologist
define pathology and histopathology
- pathology: the study of disease
- histopathology: the study of diseased tissue
describe the two types of tumor growths
- benign: harmless
- malignant: harmful, cancer
do medical histologists use electron or light microscopes
- light microscopes
- electron microscopes are generally used for research purposes
what tools/equipment do histologists need to do histology
- microtome
- high quality light microscope
- broad array of solutions and stains
define a microtome
toll used by histologists to make ultra-thin sections of tissues (1-3 cell layers)
why is histology important in medicine
- the professional medical histologist (pathologist) examines the appearance of a sample tissue (biopsy) from a patient
- determines if the tissue is normal or abnormal
- essential part of diagnosis leading to proper treatment
what is an example of histopathology that does not require a human to examine the sample
- blood tests
- machine can view and analyze blood sample for levels and pathogens
briefly describe epithelial tissue
- lines body surfaces (internal and external)
- major tissue type of glands
define gland
- structure that secretes something
- exocrine and endocrine
define exocrine glands
- secrete a solution, made mostly of water, that has a physiological purpose
- secretes solution into a duct that leads to a body surface (external or internal)
examples of exocrine glands/secretions
- sweat
- sebaceous (oil)
- saliva
- semen
- breast milk
- pancreatic enzymes in small intestine that breakdown macromolecules and neutralize stomach acid
what do all exocrine glands HAVE to have
a duct/tube that leads secretions to surface
define endocrine glands
- produce an organic molecule called a hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream (no duct needed)
- sent to all body tissues, effects cells with that hormones’ receptors
define hormone
- organic molecule
- chemical message
what organ has both exocrine and endocrine glands
pancreas
is insulin secreted from an exocrine or endocrine gland
endocrine
briefly describe connective tissue
- tissue with a connection function
- internally binds tissues within an organ
- connects organs to each other and to the body wall
- found everywhere in the body
what is the most abundant tissue type
- connective tissue
- almost all organs have some connective tissue
briefly describe muscle tissue
- rapidly shortens producing force
- major tissue type of the muscular system
how does muscle tissue produce force
- rapidly shortening
- more cells shortening = more force
briefly describe nervous tissue
- major tissue type of the nervous system
- cells convey electrochemical signals for sensing, decision making, and control or support those that do
examples of senses of the nervous system
- the 5 senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, vision
- pain
- temperature
- pressure
- vibration
- etc.
describe the structure of epithelial tissue
- cells take up max volume, minimal extracellular space
- has basal and apical surface
- desmosomes connect adjacent cells
define basal surface and apical surface
- basal: attached to thin fibrous basement membrane
- apical: faces the void
describe desmosomes
- specialized connections between adjacent cells
- proteins tethering cells together
- half of a desmosome is in each adjacent cell, the halves connect to join cells
- intermediate filaments attach to the desmosomes inside cells
describe hemidesmosomes
- attaches cell to basement membrane
- half of a desmosome on the bottom of the cell
why is it important for epithelial cells to have desmosome connections
- epithelial tissue lines body surfaces so it needs reinforcement
- must be able to keep outside stuff out and inside stuff in
- extra reinforcement needed to limit the effects of frictional forces that happen on areas where epithelial tissue is present
what are the 5 functions of epithelial tissue
- mechanical protection
- barrier for chemicals and small particles
- passage of certain molecules
- synthesize and secrete molecules or solutions (glands)
- absorption (simple columnar cells in intestinal lining)
describe how epithelial tissue provides mechanical protection
50+ layers of keratinized cells in the epidermis protect underlying structures from abrasion/friction