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BIOL 319 > Lab 2: Osteology: The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Lab 2: Osteology: The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones do we have at birth

A

about 300

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2
Q

how many bones do we have in adulthood

A

206-213

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3
Q

what are the two major divisions of the skeleton

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
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4
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80

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5
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

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6
Q

what are the 5 major functions of the skeletal system

A
  • support
  • movement
  • protection
  • storage of minerals
  • production of blood cells
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7
Q

what are the major bones of the cranium

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • maxilla
  • mandible
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8
Q

what are the two different types of bones that differ based on texture

A
  • compact bone
  • spongy bone
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9
Q

describe compact bone

A

look smooth and homogenous

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10
Q

describe spongy bone

A

composed of small trabeculae (tiny beams and struts) of bone and lots of open spaces

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11
Q

what are the four classifications of bones based on gross anatomy

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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12
Q

describe long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end
  • primarily composed of compact bone
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13
Q

describe short bones

A
  • roughly cube-shaped
  • contain more spongy bone than compact bone
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14
Q

describe flat bones

A
  • flattened along a major aspect of their geometry, can be curved
  • two wafer-like layers of compact bone between a layer of spongy bone
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15
Q

describe irregular bones

A

do not fit into other categories due to irregular morphology

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16
Q

define periosteum

A
  • encapsulates bones
  • tough and fibrous membrane
  • appears shiny and glossy
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17
Q

describe the two layers of the periosteum

A
  • outer fibrous layer where muscle tendons and bone ligaments attach
  • inner cellular layer that produces osteoblasts for bone growth and repair
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18
Q

define diaphysis

A

long central shaft of long bones

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19
Q

define epiphysis

A

ends of long bones

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20
Q

define proximal epiphysis

A

end of the long bone closest to the trunk of the body

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21
Q

define distal epiphysis

A

end of the long bone furthest away from the trunk of the body

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22
Q

define articular cartilage

A
  • layer of hyaline cartilage
  • covers epiphysis where it articulates with another bone
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23
Q

what is the wall of the diaphysis made of

A

compact bone

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24
Q

define marrow (medullary) cavity

A
  • hollow interior of diaphysis
  • contains yellow marrow with high concentration of lipids
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25
define endosteum
membrane lining the marrow/medullary cavity
26
define metaphysis
area between the diaphysis and epiphysis
27
define epiphyseal line
- separates epiphysis from diaphysis - replaces epiphyseal plate during the transition from the juvenile stage to adulthood
28
when does bone growth stop
when the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate disappears and is replaced by the bone epiphyseal line
29
do flat bones have a marrow/medullary cavity
no
30
describe the naming of the bone layers of flat bones
- cortex: compact bone layers collectively - internal and external tables: compact bone layers individually - diploe: spongy bone between the tables
31
where is red marrow found in flat bones
spongy bone in the middle called the diploe
32
define bone markings
reveal where bones form joints with other bones; where muscles, tendons and ligaments were attached; where blood vessels and nerves pass
33
what are the two major categories of bone marking
- projections - depressions
34
define projections
- processes that grow out from the bone - serve as sites of muscle attachment or to help form joints
35
define depressions
- indentations or openings in the bone - serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels
36
describe this bone marking: tuberosity
- projection - large rounded projection
37
describe this bone marking: crest
- projection - narrow ridge of a bone, usually prominent
38
describe this bone marking: trochanter
- projection - very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
39
describe this bone marking: line
- projection - narrow ridge of a bone, less prominent than a crest
40
describe this bone marking: tubercule
- projection - small rounded projection or process
41
describe this bone marking: epicondyle
- projection - raised area on or above a condyle
42
describe this bone marking: spine
- projection - sharp, slender, often pointed projection
43
describe this bone marking: process
- projection - any bony prominence
44
describe this bone marking: head
- surface that forms joint - body expansion carried on a narrow neck
45
describe this bone marking: facet
- surface that forms joint - smooth, nearly flat articular surface
46
describe this bone marking: condyle
- surface that forms joint - rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
47
describe this bone marking: ramus
- surface that forms joint - arm-like bar of bone
48
describe this bone marking: foramen
- depression - round or oval opening through a bone
49
describe this bone marking: groove
- depression - furrow
50
describe this bone marking: fissure
- depression - narrow, slit-like opening
51
describe this bone marking: notch
- depression - indentation at the edge of a structure
52
describe this bone marking: fossa
- depression - shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
53
describe this bone marking: meatus
- depression - canal-like passageway
54
describe this bone marking: sinus
- depression - bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
55
how many bones are in the skull and associated bones (cranium, face, associated bones)
29
56
how many bones are in the cranium
8
57
how many bones are in the face
14
58
how many bones are in the associated bones of the skull
7
59
what are the 8 bones of the cranium
- occipital - frontal - 2 temporal - 2 parietal - sphenoid - ethmoid
60
what are the 14 bones of the face
- 2 palatine - 2 maxillary - 2 nasal - 2 zygomatic - 2 inferior nasal conchae - 2 lacrimal - vomer - mandible
61
what are the 7 associated bones of the skull
- 6 auditory ossicles - hyoid
62
how many bones are in the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
25
63
how many ribs do we have
24
64
how many bones are in the vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
26
65
how many vertebrae do we have
24
66
how many vertebrae are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
- cervical: 7 - thoracic: 12 - lumbar: 5
67
which bones make up the hard palate (roof of mouth)
- palatine process of maxilla - horizontal plate of palatine bone
68
what passes through this foramen: olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve I
69
what passes through this foramen: optic canal
optic nerve II
70
what passes through this foramen: superior orbital fissure
- oculomotor nerve III - trochlear nerve IV - trigeminal nerve V - abducens nerve VI
71
what passes through this foramen: foramen rotundum
trigeminal nerve V
72
what passes through this foramen: foramen ovale
trigeminal nerve V
73
what passes through this foramen: foramen lacerum
no structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults
74
what passes through this foramen: foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
75
what passes through this foramen: carotid canal
internal carotid artery
76
what passes through this foramen: internal auditory meatus
- facial nerve VII - vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
77
what passes through this foramen: jugular foramen
- internal jugular vein - glossopharyngeal nerve IX - vagus nerve X - spinal accessory nerve XI
78
what passes through this foramen: hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve XII
79
what passes through this foramen: supraorbital foramen
supraorbital artery and nerve
80
what passes through this foramen: inferior orbital fissure
- zygomatic nerve - blood vessels
81
what passes through this foramen: infraorbital foramen
infraorbital nerve
82
what passes through this foramen: mental foramen
- blood vessels - trigeminal nerve V
83
what passes through this foramen: foramen magnum
spinal cord
84
what passes through this foramen: stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve VII
85
what passes through this foramen: mandibular foramen
alveolar nerve
86
what passes through this foramen: transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
vertebral arteries
87
what passes through this foramen: costal groove
neurovascular bundle
88
what is the number order of the cranial nerves
- I. olfactory nerve - II. optic nerve - III. oculomotor nerve - IV. trochlear nerve - V. trigeminal nerve - VI. abducens nerve - VII. facial nerve - VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve - IX. glossopharyngeal nerve - X. vagus nerve - XI. spinal accessory nerve - XII. hypoglossal nerve
89
what is a mnemonic to remember the order of cranial nerves
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH
90
what is a mnemonic to remember the composition of cranial nerves
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
91
describe why the hyoid bone is unique
- it does not articulate with any other bone - origin and insertion site for many muscles
92
what are the 5 types of vertebrae
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
93
which vertebrae are unfused
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar
94
are the articulations between cervical vertebrae more or less confined as those in other portions of the vertebral column and explain why
- less confined - allows for a wide range of motion in the head and neck
95
what runs through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
- vertebral arteries that form the basilar artery - deliver blood to the brain
96
where do thoracic vertebrae articulate and what does this do
- with the ribs - limits flexion in the thorax
97
how are the articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae directed and what does this do
- directed anterior and posterior - limits flexion and extension
98
how are the articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae directed and what does this do
- directed medially and laterally - limits rotation
99
when does the spinal cord proper stop
lumbar vertebrae 1
100
define cauda equina
- the place where the spinal cord proper stops and hanging roots begins - at L1
101
where is a spinal tap performed and why
- between L3 and L4 - to avoid hitting the spinal cord
102
how many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum
5
103
what does the sacral foramina trasnmit
blood vessels and spinal nerves to the lower body
104
how many fused vertebrae make up the coccyx
4
105
what are the four natural curvatures of the spinal cord
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral
106
describe the structure of cervical vertebrae 3-6
- kidney bean shaped body - spinous process is horizontal and bifid - vertebral foramen is central - transverse foramen on either side of the body
107
does the hyoid bone articulate with the cervical vertebrae
no
108
what is another name for the first cervical vertebrae (C1)
atlas
109
describe how the atlas (C1) is different from other cervical vertebrae
- has no body - large vertebral foramen - articulates with the skull - no spinous process
110
what is another name for the second cervical vertebrae (C2)
axis
111
describe how the axis (C2) is different from other cervical vertebrae
- has a dens that articulates with the atlas - does not have same body as C3-6
112
describe the function of the axis (C2)
- provide the atlas (C1) with a pivot point for when the head is turned laterally and medially - allows rotation of the head
113
define the atlanto-axial joint
- where the dens of the axis (C2) fits inside the atlas (C1) - allows rotation of the head
114
describe the structure of the thoracic vertebrae
- spinous process directed anteriorly - larger body - has facets for articulating with the tubercules of the ribs and the head of the ribs
115
what are the largest vertebrae in the body
lumbar vertebrae
116
describe the structure of the lumbar vertebrae
- largest in the body - horizontal spinous process - smaller vertebral foramen
117
what is the function of the sacrum
provide a stable anchoring point for the bones of the pelvic girdle
118
what is the function of the coccyx
attachment point for several ligaments and muscles of the pelvic floor
119
what does the thoracic cage include
- sternum - 12 pairs of ribs
120
how many ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and how many articulate with the sternum
- 12 pairs articulate with thoracic vertebrae - 10 pair articulate with sternum
121
what are the three elements of the sternum
- superior manubrium - sternal body - xiphoid process
122
define the sternal angle
where the manubrium articulates with the sternal body
123
define the clavicular notch
where the manubrium articulates with the clavicle
124
what is the xiphoid process made of before it ossifies in late adulthood
hyaline cartilage
125
what could happen if someone incorrectly performs CPR
the xiphoid process of the sternum could snap off and puncture a lung
126
define costal cartilage
- attaches the ribs to the sternum - somewhat flexible to allow for expansion of the rib cage during inhalation
127
define true ribs
- first 7 pairs - their costal cartilage attaches directly to the sternum
128
define false ribs
- rib pairs 8-12 - their coastal cartilage does not connect to the sternum directly
129
define floating ribs
- rib pairs 11 and 12 - subset of false ribs - do not articulate with the sternum - serve little use other than protection of the kidneys
130
describe the structure of a rib
- head at the end - tubercule close to the head - costal groove on the inferior border of the inner face of the rib
131
why is it important for injections to not hit the costal groove
- contains a neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, nerve) - would cause much pain
132
where should injections between the ribs be done
superior border of the inferior rib

BIOL 319 (15 decks)

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