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BIOL 319 > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the only body system consisting of only one organ

A

integumentary system - skin and embedded appendages

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2
Q

how much does the skin weigh on average

A

11 pounds

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3
Q

describe the functions of the integumentary system

A
  • protection against microorganisms, abrasion, and UV light
  • barrier to water loss
  • richly and densely innervated for sensory reception
  • start of vitamin D production
  • thermoregulation
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4
Q

describe how the integumentary system functions in protection

A
  • mechanical protection against abrasion and normal friction
  • absorbs UV light to protect underlying structures
  • protections against the invasion of microorganisms
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5
Q

describe how the integumentary system aids water retention

A
  • tight connections of epithelial cells prevents extreme water loss
  • water resistant, not waterproof
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6
Q

is UV light from the sun high or low energy radiation

A
  • high energy radiation
  • lowest level of high energy radiation
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7
Q

is vitamin D a hormone

A

yes, both hormone and vitamin

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8
Q

what is the target cell of vitamin D and what does it do

A
  • target cell is simple columnar epithelial tissue between the small intestine and blood vessels
  • stimulates cells to uptake Ca+ from food to the bloodstream
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9
Q

what are the 2 major layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
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10
Q

what is another name for the skin

A

cutaneous membrane

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11
Q

what are the three tissue types in the skin

A
  • stratified squamous epithelial tissue in the epidermis
  • areolar connective tissue in the dermis
  • dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis
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12
Q

describe the structure of the epidermis

A
  • thinner than the dermis
  • thickness can vary greatly
  • stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  • avascular: no blood supply
  • free nerve endings detect itching, pain, discomfort
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13
Q

describe the structure of the dermis

A
  • made of connective tissue: areolar and dense irregular
  • rich blood supply
  • densely innervated
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14
Q

what portion of the dermis is areolar connective tissue

A
  • 20%
  • edge closer to the top/epidermis
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15
Q

what portion of the dermis is dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • 80%
  • edge closer to the bottom/hypodermis
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16
Q

describe the action, origin, and insertion of the arrector pili muscle

A
  • action: contracts to move hair follicle vertically
  • origin: in the skin between the epidermis and the dermis
  • insertion: base of the hair follicle in the dermis
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17
Q

why/when does the arrector pili muscle contract

A
  • when experiencing heightened emotional state
  • helps thermoregulation in some mammals
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18
Q

what causes goose bumps

A

contraction of the arrector pili muscle

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19
Q

are sebaceous glands exocrine or endocrine glands

A
  • exocrine gland
  • empties secretion into the hair follicle and epidermis
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20
Q

what do sebaceous glands produce

A

sebum (oil)

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21
Q

describe the functions of sebum from the sebaceous glands

A
  • moisturizes hair and prevents breakage
  • keeps the epidermis moist
  • contains defensin proteins that protect against bacteria
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22
Q

describe the mode of secretion that sebaceous glands use

A
  • holocrine secretion
  • superficial cells rupture, releasing the solution and becoming a part of it
  • new cells replace ruptured cells
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23
Q

describe the hair follicle

A
  • encapsulates hair at the root
  • anchors hair in place
  • protects the hair, allowing it to grow
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24
Q

what is another name for sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands

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25
Q

what are the two types of sweat glands

A
  • eccrine
  • apocrine
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26
Q

what tissue composes the subcutaneous tissue

A

adipose connective tissue

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27
Q

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer

A
  • protects underlying structures
  • padding
  • insulation
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28
Q

describe why women have more adipose tissue in their subcutaneous tissue layer

A
  • estrogen stimulates adipose tissue growth
  • extra adipose tissue can give energy for a growing baby because fat in the highest density and most efficient storage for energy
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29
Q

which is singular and which is plural: stratum, strata

A
  • singular: strata
  • plural: stratum
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30
Q

describe the overarching significance of the structure of the epidermis

A
  • almost all of the structure of the epidermis is made from keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  • structure is geared toward producing lots of cells at the bottom and moving them to the top layer within 40-60 days
  • in that process, cells are modified to be tougher, stronger, dead, and water resistant to protect structures underneath
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31
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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32
Q

how many total cells are in the human body

A

75-100 trillion cells

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33
Q

how far away can cells be from a capillary to stay alive

A

8-10 cells away

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34
Q

what is the stratum basale layer of the epidermis attached to

A

the basement membrane

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35
Q

how many cell layers are in the stratum basale

A

1-2 cell layers thick

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36
Q

what type of cells make up the majority of the stratum basale

A
  • epidermal skin cells
  • not keratinized, not keratinocytes
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37
Q

describe the fate of daughter cells from the stem cells in the stratum basale

A
  • one daughter cell moves to the next layer (stratum spinosum) to become a keratinocyte
  • one daughter cell stays in the stratum basale as a stem cell
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38
Q

what is the main function of the stratum basale

A
  • making lots of cells
  • making keratinocytes for the rest of the epidermis and replenishing stem cell reserves
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39
Q

are desmosomes or hemidesmosomes unique to the stratum basale

A
  • desmosomes are not unique to the stratum basale; they connect all cells of the epidermis
  • hemidesmosomes are unique to the stratum basale; they connect cells to the basement membrane
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40
Q

how many cell layers are in the stratum spinosum

A

8-10 cell layers thick

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41
Q

explain why the stratum spinosum has that name

A
  • spiny layer
  • cells are preserved in a hypotonic solution that causes the cells to shrink but desmosomes still anchor cells to one another; this causes a spiny/pointy appearance
  • cells do not actually have spines, the appearance is an artifact of preparation
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42
Q

how does the concentration of desmosomes change as you move up the layers of the epidermis

A

higher desmosome concentration as you get more superficial

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43
Q

what is the main function of the stratum spinosum

A
  • produce keratin as cells begin to keratinize
  • form lamellar bodies
  • cells become tougher and more water resistant
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44
Q

how do cells begin to keratinize in the stratum spinosum

A

intermediate filaments form protein filaments called keratin fibers

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45
Q

are cells still alive in the stratum spinosum

A

yes, only beginning to keratinize

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46
Q

describe lamellar bodies

A
  • pockets of glycolipids
  • helps make the epidermis water resistant
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47
Q

explain why cells start to die after the stratum spinosum

A
  • cells must be less than 8-10 cells away from a capillary to survive
  • the stratum spinosum can be up to 8-10 cells thick
  • there are no capillaries in the epidermis
  • cells at this point are now 8-10 cell layers away from the nearest capillary so they are not getting the nutrients needed to survive
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48
Q

define apoptosis

A
  • cell suicide, cell death
  • done for a good reason, such as cell death in the epidermis
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49
Q

define necrosis

A

cell death due to disease or injury

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50
Q

how many cell layers are in the stratum granulosum

A

2-5 cells thick

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51
Q

describe why the stratum granulosum has that name

A
  • cells look grainy due to keratohyalin granules
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52
Q

are cells still alive in the stratum granulosum

A

yes

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53
Q

describe the function of cells in the stratum granulosum

A
  • increasing keratin production, keratohyalin granules
  • cells filling with soft keratin to become firm
  • making a fibrous shell under the cell membrane to toughen up
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54
Q

describe keratohyalin granules

A
  • in the stratum granulosum
  • keratin proliferating from nexus points in cells as so much is being produced
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55
Q

why type of keratin is produced in the epidermis

A

soft keratin

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56
Q

describe the two things that make the epidermis water resistant

A
  • keratinized cells stops water from moving through cells
  • glycolipids from lamellar bodies in the interstitial space stop water from moving between cells
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57
Q

how many cell layers are in the stratum lucidem

A

5-10 cells thick

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58
Q

where on the body is stratum lucidem found

A
  • areas that experience the most friction
  • palms, fingers, soles of feet
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59
Q

describe why the stratum lucidem has that name

A
  • lucid layer
  • lucid means being clear
  • the stratum lucidem is a transparent layer of cells
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60
Q

why does the stratum lucidem appear clear

A

there are no keratohyalin granules

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61
Q

describe why the stratum corneum has that name

A
  • cornified layer
  • becoming dry and hard
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62
Q

describe the structure of cells in the stratum corneum

A
  • lay next to each other like shingles
  • very tough
  • flattened
  • dead
  • full of soft keratin
  • still have desmosomes
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63
Q

are desmosomes still present in the stratum corneum

A

yes

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64
Q

how many cell layers are in the stratum corneum

A

25-50 cells thick

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65
Q

what is the main function of the stratum corneum

A

protect everything underneath

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66
Q

what is the lifespan of keratinocytes in the epidermis

A

45-60 days for keratinocytes that is born to reach the outer layer and slough off

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67
Q

what does thick skin refer to

A
  • the thickness of the epidermis only
  • having a stratum lucidem
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68
Q

where is the cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis) the thickest

A
  • between the shoulder blades
  • 5mm
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69
Q

where is the cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis_ the thinnest

A
  • eyelids
  • 0.5mm
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70
Q

what is the function of melanocytes

A
  • manufacture melanin
  • give melanin to keratinocytes to protect cells from UV light
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71
Q

what is melanin

A

skin pigment

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72
Q

where are melanocytes found

A
  • stratum basale, tentacles radiate into stratum spinosum
  • anchored to the basement membrane
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73
Q

what enzyme to melanocytes produce and what is it’s function

A
  • produce the enzyme tyrosinase
  • tyrosinase polymerizes chains of tyrosine which is used to make melanin
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74
Q

describe the life cycle of melanin

A
  • manufactured in melanocytes
  • packaged into vesicles called melanosomes
  • cytoskeleton of melanocyte moves melanosome through the cell tentacles
  • keratinocytes phagocytize melanosomes
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75
Q

what does melanin do to/for keratinocytes

A
  • darkens the cell
  • shields DNA against UV light
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76
Q

what are the positives and negatives of UV light hitting the skin

A
  • positive: needed to make vitamin D
  • negative: can mutate DNA and cause cancer
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77
Q

what determines the amount of melanin an individual has

A
  • genetics
  • environment
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78
Q

which country has the most UV light

A

Australia

79
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of having darker skin

A
  • advantage: melanin protects DNA from mutation (skin cancer)
  • disadvantage: less efficient at making vitamin D in low level light
80
Q

where are merkel cells found

A
  • stratum basale
  • right next to basement membrane
81
Q

why are merkel cells in the stratum basale, next to the basement membrane

A

the cell makes a connection with a nerve ending in the dermis

82
Q

are merkel cells neurons

A
  • no
  • quasi-neuron
83
Q

what types of touch set of merkel cells

A
  • light touch receptors
  • low frequency vibration
84
Q

what is another name for dendritic cells

A

langerhans cells

85
Q

why are langerhans cells sometimes called dendritic cells

A

they were firstly thought to be a type of neuron due to the branching structure

86
Q

where are langerhans cells commonly found

A
  • stratum spinosum
  • epidermal tissue lining organs
87
Q

what is the function of langerhans cells

A
  • immune cell
  • similar in function to macrophages by phagocytizing
88
Q

where are langerhans cells made

A

bone marrow

89
Q

describe how langerhans cells protect the body from pathogens

A
  • cells can move between other cells in the stratum spinosum
  • phagocytize pathogens and partially digest them
  • bring partially digested pathogen to nearest lymph node
  • lymphocytes will follow the path and finish off all pathogens left
90
Q

describe the nerve supply in the dermis

A

richly and densely innervated

91
Q

define nociceptors

A

pain nerve endings

92
Q

are there nerves within the hair follicle

A

yes

93
Q

describe the structure and function of nerves in the hair follicle

A
  • network of nerves embedded within follicles (nerve plexus)
  • extremely sensitive to being stretched or compressed
  • can detect very light touches of the hair
94
Q

why can you feel when you have goosebumps

A

nerve plexus within hair follicles

95
Q

why is it important to have nerve endings within a hair follicle

A
  • can detect light touch that merkel cells can’t
  • can detect when mosquitoes land on you
96
Q

where are meissners corpuscles located

A
  • papillary layer of the dermis
  • right under the epidermis
97
Q

what do meissners corpuscles feel

A

light touch

98
Q

are meissners corpuscles cellular

A

no

99
Q

describe the difference between adaptive and nonadaptive receptors

A
  • adaptive: can feel sensation when first stimulated but will stop reacting after a while
  • nonadaptive: won’t ever stop reacting to a sensation no matter the duration
100
Q

are meissners corpuscles adaptive or nonadpative

A

adaptive

101
Q

what receptors are always nonadaptive

A

pain receptors

102
Q

what sensations do ruffini end organs detect

A

continuous touch or pressure

103
Q

are ruffini end organs adaptive or nonadaptive

A

nonadaptive

104
Q

what sensations do pacinian corpuscles detect

A
  • deep pressure
  • high frequency vibration
105
Q

are pacinian corpuscles cellular

A

no

106
Q

describe the structure of pacinian corpuscles

A
  • fibrous layers, like an onion
  • nerve ending goes into the center
107
Q

are nociceptors adaptive or nonadaptive

A

nonadaptive

108
Q

describe how pacinian corpuscles receive sensations

A
  • touch pushes on the corpuscle and deforms it
  • compresses the nerve ending inside which detects the sensation
109
Q

what are the three layers of the hair from internal to external

A
  • medulla
  • cortex
  • cuticle
110
Q

what does medulla always mean in anatomy

A

center core

111
Q

what does cortex literally mean

A

bark

112
Q

where is the wavy border between the epidermis and the dermis most pronounced

A
  • palms
  • fingertips
  • soles of feet
113
Q

what does the wavy border between the epidermis and the dermis create/do

A
  • fingerprints
  • helps to grip things
114
Q

define lanugo

A

long, delicate, and unpigmented hair covering a fetus in the womb

115
Q

define terminal hairs

A
  • long, coarse, and pigmented hair
  • stick out from the skin and can be seen easily
116
Q

where are terminal hairs found before puberty

A
  • scalp
  • eyelids
  • eyebrows
  • nostrils
117
Q

where are the longest growing terminal hairs found

A

scalp

118
Q

define vellus hairs

A

short, fine, usually unpigmented hair

119
Q

where does terminal hair replace vellus hair after puberty

A
  • pubic and axillary regions
  • chest, legs, and arms (more in men than women)
  • facial hair in men
120
Q

what is the function of hair in most mammals

A
  • camouflage
  • thermoregulation
121
Q

describe why the areas and thickness of terminal hair growth is highly variable after puberty in men

A
  • people having different testosterone levels
  • people’s target cells for testosterone expresses less/more receptors
122
Q

describe the medulla of the hair

A
  • central axis of the hair
  • 2-3 layers of cells containing soft keratin
123
Q

describe the cortex of the hair

A
  • surrounds the medulla
  • forms bulk of the hair
  • cells containing hard keratin
124
Q

describe the cuticle of the hair

A
  • covers the cortex
  • single layer of overlapping cells
  • cells containing hard keratin
125
Q

what are the two components of a hair follicle

A
  • dermal root sheath
  • epithelial root sheath (internal and external)
126
Q

which epidermal strata in the external epithelial root sheath are at the opening of the hair follicle and which are at the hair bulb

A
  • opening: all strata found in thin skin
  • hair bulb: only stratum basale
127
Q

what often comes out around the hair root when a hair is pulled out

A

internal epithelial root sheath

128
Q

what does the matrix inside the hair bulb produce

A
  • hair
  • internal epithelial root sheath
129
Q

describe the hair papilla

A
  • portion of the dermis that projects into the hair bulb
  • contains blood vessels that provide nourishment to the cells of the matrix
130
Q

what two stages do hair have

A
  • growth stage
  • resting stage
131
Q

what does the length of the growth/resting stage depend on

A

where the hair is/the type of hair

132
Q

what is the growth and resting stage length of scalp hair

A
  • growth stage: 3 years
  • resting stage: 1-2 years
133
Q

how many scalp hairs are in the growing stage at any given time

A

90%

134
Q

what is a normal amount of scalp hairs to lose per day

A

100

135
Q

what is the average rate of hair growth

A

0.3 mm per day

136
Q

what muscle as associated with each hair follicle

A

arrector pili

137
Q

where are vellus hairs found

A

widely distributed across the entire body

138
Q

what is a slang name for vellus hair

A

peach fuzz

139
Q

describe how the hair serves a protective purpose

A
  • protects the scalp from UV light
  • filters particles that enter the nose
  • eyebrows and eyelashes serve as a protective barrier for the eyes
  • arrector pili muscles allow you to feel any movement of the hair
140
Q

define mechanoreceptors

A

receptors that detect vibration, touch, and pressure

141
Q

define sudoriferous glands

A
  • sweat glands
  • eccrine and apocrine glands
142
Q

where are eccrine glands found

A

the dermis

143
Q

describe the structure of an eccrine gland

A
  • coiled body in the dermis
  • duct leading to the surface of the skin
144
Q

where do you have a high density of eccrine glands

A
  • head
  • neck
  • torso
145
Q

what is the function of eccrine glands

A

thermoregulation through evaporative cooling

146
Q

how do eccrine glands spring into action so quickly

A
  • each sweat gland is individually innervated
  • signals sent directly to the gland from the brain
147
Q

which sudoriferous gland is important physiologically and which is less important

A
  • important: eccrine glands
  • less important: apocrine glands
148
Q

what is sweat from eccrine glands composed of

A
  • mostly water
  • NaCl
  • nitrogenous wastes
149
Q

does the skin have an excretory function

A
  • yes
  • very small excretory function through sweat
150
Q

what is the pH of sweat

A

6.6-6.8

151
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.4

152
Q

is sweat acidic or basic

A

acidic (pH 6.6-6.8)

153
Q

how many more H+ ions are in sweat than in blood

A
  • sweat pH 6.6-6.8
  • blood pH 7.4
  • sweat has about 10x more H+ ions than blood
154
Q

define the acid mantle

A

the mixture of sweat and oil on the surface of the skin

155
Q

what is the purpose of the acid mantle

A

bacterial retarding effect

156
Q

describe why the acid mantle has a bacteria retarding effect

A
  • the acid mantle contains oil and sweat
  • oil contains defensins and sweat is acidic
  • bacteria on the skin adapt to the acidic environment
  • if bacteria enter the body, they will be less likely to survive in the blood which is more basic
157
Q

describe why the acid mantle is useful if it doesn’t eliminate all chances of bacterial infection

A

although some bacteria will adapt to the basic environment of the blood, it will cause a delay in infection and gives the immune system more time to respond

158
Q

where are apocrine glands found compared to eccrine glands

A
  • apocrine glands are found deeper than eccrine glands
  • may be all the way in the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
159
Q

which sweat glands are larger

A

apocrine glands

160
Q

when are apocrine glands activated

A
  • during puberty
  • activated by testosterone and estrogen
161
Q

when are apocrine glands often stimulated

A
  • sexual activity
  • nervousness
162
Q

where are apocrine glands found on the body

A
  • pubic region
  • axillary regions
163
Q

what are the components of apocrine glands

A
  • same components as eccrine glands: water, NaCl, nitrogenous wastes
  • also pheromones
164
Q

what is the purpose of pheromones in apocrine gland sweat

A
  • signaling sexual maturity to mates
  • less needed nowadays
165
Q

which sweat glands make you smell bad

A

apocrine glands

166
Q

why do apocrine sweat glands make you smell bad

A
  • apocrine gland sweat contains proteins and fats
  • bacteria feed on these nutrients and create smelly waste
167
Q

what is the term for how the blood vessels in the skin help with thermoregulation

A

radiative cooling

168
Q

define radiative cooling

A
  • one way the skin uses to thermoregulate (blood vessels dilating)
  • radiating heat to a cooler environment
169
Q

where is there a blood supply in the skin

A

dermis

170
Q

describe what happens to blood vessels in the skin when you get hot

A
  • blood vessels close to the surface dilate
  • hot blood flow under the skin releases heat to the environment
171
Q

how do blood vessels near the skin surface dilate/contract

A
  • sphincter around the artery before the blood vessel enters the skin allows it to dilate or contract
  • direct impulse sent to the sphincter from the brain
172
Q

define sphincter

A
  • smooth muscle
  • allows tubular organ to relax/contract
173
Q

describe what allows blood vessels to dilate within the dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue moves to allow space for the blood vessels to dilate

174
Q

what is a visual sign that blood vessels near the skin surface are dilating

A

erythema: skin turning pink or red

175
Q

is it easier to visually see blood vessel dilation under the skin in someone with more or less melanin

A

easier to see dilation in someone with less melanin

176
Q

describe what happens to blood vessels in the skin when you get cold

A
  • blood vessels close to the surface constrict
  • blood in conserving heat near internal organs
177
Q

what is a visual sign that blood vessels near the skin surface ae constricting

A

the skin will turn pale or blue

178
Q

describe why the skin may turn blue if you are cold

A
  • blood vessels constrict
  • deoxygenated blood will stay in the blood vessels near the skin surface
179
Q

define cyanosis

A

skin being a bluish color

180
Q

when might someone be cyanotic

A
  • if they are too cold
  • heart attack
  • obstruction stopping breathing
181
Q

define erythema

A
  • red color on the skin
  • any kind of reddening on the skin
182
Q

when might someone have erythema

A
  • high blood pressure
  • too hot
  • infection
183
Q

define juandice

A

yellowing of the skin

184
Q

where does jaundice appear on the body

A
  • globally distributed (whole body)
  • easily seen in the whites of the eyes, gums, and nails
185
Q

where would you look for jaundice on someone with a darker complexion

A
  • whites of eyes
  • gums
  • nails
186
Q

why does jaundice occur

A
  • production of excess bilirubin
  • liver issues such as hepatitis
187
Q

what percentage of infants have jaundice when they are born

A

33%

188
Q

describe why it is so common for infants to have jaundice when they are born

A
  • the lungs don’t work as a fetus, oxygen is taken in through the placenta
  • fetal hemoglobin helps intake oxygen as it has a much stronger binding force than regular hemoglobin
  • when a baby is born, they switch the regular hemoglobin
  • the liver is involved in adapting to regular hemoglobin
  • the liver may be overworked and malfunction during the adaptation leading to jaundice
189
Q

what is the treatment for jaundice

A

being in the light

190
Q

is bilirubin hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

191
Q

where does excess bilirubin migrate to and why

A
  • subcutaneous layer, fat layer
  • bilirubin is hydrophobic and so is the subQ layer
192
Q

what system can excess bilirubin cause damage to

A

central nervous system

193
Q

what does it mean that bilirubin can be photoisomerized

A

light photons can change the molecular structure

194
Q

why is light a treatment for jaundice

A
  • bilirubin can be photoisomerized
  • it changes structure when exposed to light photon, making it hydrophilic
  • the excess can then be excreted from the body

BIOL 319 (15 decks)

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