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BIOL 319 > Lab 9: Neurology - Histology and Brain Anatomy & Radiology > Flashcards

Lab 9: Neurology - Histology and Brain Anatomy & Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest region of the brain

A

cerebrum

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2
Q

how is the cerebrum divided

A

into left and right cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

define the longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

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4
Q

are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum equal in structure and function

A
  • largely symmetrical in structure
  • differ in function
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5
Q

define lateralization

A

specialization

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6
Q

describe the covering of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  • folded cerebral cortex of gray matter
  • neurons not yet myelinated
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7
Q

define gyrus

A

a fold in the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

define sulcus

A

a shallow groove in the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

define corpus callosum

A
  • white matter
  • connects the cerebral hemispheres
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10
Q

what forms for outer convoluted surface of the cerebral hemispheres

A

gray matter

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11
Q

what forms the foliated surface of the cerebellum

A

gray matter

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12
Q

where is white matter found

A

deep to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

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13
Q

what is cortical gray matter made of

A

multipolar neuron cell bodies and attendant dendrites

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14
Q

what is white matter composed of

A

tracts of myelinated axons that project from the overlaying gray matter

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15
Q

what do the tracts of myelinated axons in white matter connect one cortical region to

A
  • another cortical region
  • brain nuclei
  • motor neurons of the spinal cord
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16
Q

define pyramidal cells

A
  • many multipolar neurons of the cortex
  • pyramid or triangular shaped cell bodies
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17
Q

what are the five layers of the cerebral cortex

A
  • molecular layer
  • outer granular layer
  • outer pyramidal layer
  • inner granular layer
  • inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer
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18
Q

describe the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer
  • contains mainly dendrites synapsing with cortical neurons axons
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19
Q

describe the outer granular layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the molecular layer
  • mostly made up of stellate cells, axons, and dendrites
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20
Q

describe the outer pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the outer granular layer
  • mostly made up of pyramidal cells that increase in size as you move deeper into the layer
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21
Q

describe the inner granular layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the outer pyramidal layer
  • mostly made of densely packed stellate cells
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22
Q

describe the inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the inner granular layer
  • mostly composed of large pyramidal cells in the more superficial portion and a wide variety of cell morphologies in the deepest parts
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23
Q

what are the 3 structures of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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24
Q

what do the gray matter areas of the diencephalon enclose

A

the third ventricle

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25
describe the thalamus
- part of the diencephalon - relay station for incoming information (sensory or integration) destined for higher brain areas such as the cerebral cortex
26
describe the hypothalamus
- part of the diencephalon - major control center and regulator of body processes
27
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
- automatic control center - center for emotional response - body temperature regulation - regulation of food intake - regulation of water balance and thirst - regulation of sleep-wake cycles - control of endocrine system functioning
28
define mammillary bodies
relay stations in the olfactory pathways
29
define infundibulum
stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects to the pituitary gland
30
describe the epithalamus
- part of the diencephalon - contains the pineal gland
31
what are the function of the pineal gland
- secretes melatonin - helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle
32
what controls the pineal gland
feedback loop with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
33
where is the cerebellum located
dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata
34
what is the primary function of the cerebellum
coordination of somatic motor function (primarily skeletal muscle contractions) and complex movements
35
where are learned muscle patterns stored and processed
cerebellum
36
what type of brain matter is in the cerebellum
- gray matter - white matter
37
list the 3 layers of the gray matter of the cerebellum
- molecular layer - Purkinje layer - granular layer
38
describe the molecular layer of the cerebellum
- most superficial - composed of unmyelinated fibers and scattered basket cells and stellate cells
39
describe the Purkinje layer of the cerebellum
- intermediate layer - contains Purkinje cells
40
describe the granular layer of the cerebellum
- deepest layer - rich in granule cells
41
what are components of the brain stem
- medulla oblongata - pons - midbrain
42
where is the midbrain located
between the diencephalon and the pons
43
what is the function of the midbrain
inhibiting inappropriate muscle movements and dopamine signals to allow for smooth muscle movements
44
where is the pons lcoated
between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
45
what is the pons composed of
conduction tracts between higher brain centers and the spinal cord or between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
46
what is the most inferior part of the brain stem
medulla oblongata
47
what is the function of the medulla oblongata
some control over the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
48
what type of brain matter is in the spinal cord
- gray matter - white matter
49
what divides the left and right halves of the spinal cord
anterior median fissure
50
what shape is the gray matter in the spinal cord
butterfly-shaped
51
is the gray matter deep to or superficial to the white matter in teh spinal cord
gray matter is deep to the white matter
52
what is the white matter in the spinal cord composed of
- axonal tracts that propagate both afferent and efferent impulses - axonal tracts that propagate contralateral impulses - axonal tracts that propagate ipsilateral impulses - axons that project into the ventral nerve roots
53
list the cranial nerves in order
olfactory nerve I optic nerve II oculomotor nerve III trochlear nerve IV trigeminal nerve V abducens nerve VI facial nerve VII vestibulocochlear nerve VIII glossopharyngeal nerve IX vagus nerve X spinal accessory nerve XI hypoglossal nerve XII
54
is olfactory nerve I sensory, motor or both
sensory
55
is optic nerve II sensory, motor or both
sensory
56
is oculomotor nerve III sensory, motor or both
motor
57
is trochlear nerve IV sensory, motor or both
motor
58
is trigeminal nerve V sensory, motor or both
both
59
is abducens nerve VI sensory, motor or both
motor
60
is facial nerve VII sensory, motor or both
both
61
is vestibulocochlear nerve VIII sensory, motor or both
sensory
62
is glossopharyngeal nerve IX sensory, motor or both
both
63
is vagus nerve X sensory, motor or both
both
64
is spinal accessory nerve XI sensory, motor or both
motor
65
is hypoglossal nerve XII sensory, motor or both
motor
66
describe olfactory nerve I
- tiny sensory nerves - run from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulbs
67
describe optic nerve II
- sensory nerve of vision - develops as an outgrowth of the brain so it is really a brain tract
68
describe oculomotor nerve III
- means "eye mover" - supplies 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit
69
what are the 4 muscles that are supplied by oculomotor nerve III
- inferior oblique - medial rectus - inferior rectus - superior rectus
70
describe trochlear nerve IV
- means "pulley" - innervates the superior oblique and extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shape ligament in the orbit (trochlea)
71
describe trigeminal nerve V
- 3 branches - largest of the cranial nerves - supplies sensory fibers to the face - supplies motor fibers to the chewing muscles
72
describe abducens nerve VI
controls the lateral rectus
73
describe facial nerve VII
- large nerve - innervates muscles of facial expression among other things
74
describe vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
- sensory nerve - hearing and balance
75
describe glossopharyngeal nerve IX
- means "tongue and pharynx" - innervates the tongue and pharynx - primarily sensory to the throat
76
describe vagus nerve X
- only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck - supplies motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs or the thorax and abdomen
77
describe spinal accessory nerve XI
- primarily motor - supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
78
describe hypoglossal nerve XII
- means "under the tongue" - runs inferior to the tongue - innervates muscles of the tongue
79
describe Meissner's corpuscles
- function as light pressure receptors of the dermis - located within the dermal papillae
80
what is the two-way communication that peripheral nerves often provide
efferent and afferent
81
what encases axons
myelin sheaths
82
define shwann cells
- type of glial cell - create myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system - insulate axons from one another
83
define nodes of Ranvier
- unmyelinated gaps between cells of the myelin sheath - allow action potentials to jump from node to node
84
define saltatory conduction
- "jumping" conduction - from nodes of Ranvier on myelin sheaths - increases action potential velocity
85
list the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord in order from superficial to deep
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
86
define subarachnoid space
- area between the arachnoid and pia maters - filled with cerebrospinal fluid - houses blood vessels that supply the brain

BIOL 319 (15 decks)

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