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BIOL 319 > Lab 9: Neurology - Histology and Brain Anatomy & Radiology > Flashcards

Lab 9: Neurology - Histology and Brain Anatomy & Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest region of the brain

A

cerebrum

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2
Q

how is the cerebrum divided

A

into left and right cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

define the longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

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4
Q

are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum equal in structure and function

A
  • largely symmetrical in structure
  • differ in function
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5
Q

define lateralization

A

specialization

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6
Q

describe the covering of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  • folded cerebral cortex of gray matter
  • neurons not yet myelinated
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7
Q

define gyrus

A

a fold in the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

define sulcus

A

a shallow groove in the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

define corpus callosum

A
  • white matter
  • connects the cerebral hemispheres
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10
Q

what forms for outer convoluted surface of the cerebral hemispheres

A

gray matter

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11
Q

what forms the foliated surface of the cerebellum

A

gray matter

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12
Q

where is white matter found

A

deep to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

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13
Q

what is cortical gray matter made of

A

multipolar neuron cell bodies and attendant dendrites

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14
Q

what is white matter composed of

A

tracts of myelinated axons that project from the overlaying gray matter

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15
Q

what do the tracts of myelinated axons in white matter connect one cortical region to

A
  • another cortical region
  • brain nuclei
  • motor neurons of the spinal cord
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16
Q

define pyramidal cells

A
  • many multipolar neurons of the cortex
  • pyramid or triangular shaped cell bodies
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17
Q

what are the five layers of the cerebral cortex

A
  • molecular layer
  • outer granular layer
  • outer pyramidal layer
  • inner granular layer
  • inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer
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18
Q

describe the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer
  • contains mainly dendrites synapsing with cortical neurons axons
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19
Q

describe the outer granular layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the molecular layer
  • mostly made up of stellate cells, axons, and dendrites
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20
Q

describe the outer pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the outer granular layer
  • mostly made up of pyramidal cells that increase in size as you move deeper into the layer
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21
Q

describe the inner granular layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the outer pyramidal layer
  • mostly made of densely packed stellate cells
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22
Q

describe the inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer of the cerebral cortex

A
  • deep to the inner granular layer
  • mostly composed of large pyramidal cells in the more superficial portion and a wide variety of cell morphologies in the deepest parts
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23
Q

what are the 3 structures of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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24
Q

what do the gray matter areas of the diencephalon enclose

A

the third ventricle

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25
Q

describe the thalamus

A
  • part of the diencephalon
  • relay station for incoming information (sensory or integration) destined for higher brain areas such as the cerebral cortex
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26
Q

describe the hypothalamus

A
  • part of the diencephalon
  • major control center and regulator of body processes
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27
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • automatic control center
  • center for emotional response
  • body temperature regulation
  • regulation of food intake
  • regulation of water balance and thirst
  • regulation of sleep-wake cycles
  • control of endocrine system functioning
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28
Q

define mammillary bodies

A

relay stations in the olfactory pathways

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29
Q

define infundibulum

A

stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects to the pituitary gland

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30
Q

describe the epithalamus

A
  • part of the diencephalon
  • contains the pineal gland
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31
Q

what are the function of the pineal gland

A
  • secretes melatonin
  • helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle
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32
Q

what controls the pineal gland

A

feedback loop with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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33
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata

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34
Q

what is the primary function of the cerebellum

A

coordination of somatic motor function (primarily skeletal muscle contractions) and complex movements

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35
Q

where are learned muscle patterns stored and processed

A

cerebellum

36
Q

what type of brain matter is in the cerebellum

A
  • gray matter
  • white matter
37
Q

list the 3 layers of the gray matter of the cerebellum

A
  • molecular layer
  • Purkinje layer
  • granular layer
38
Q

describe the molecular layer of the cerebellum

A
  • most superficial
  • composed of unmyelinated fibers and scattered basket cells and stellate cells
39
Q

describe the Purkinje layer of the cerebellum

A
  • intermediate layer
  • contains Purkinje cells
40
Q

describe the granular layer of the cerebellum

A
  • deepest layer
  • rich in granule cells
41
Q

what are components of the brain stem

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
42
Q

where is the midbrain located

A

between the diencephalon and the pons

43
Q

what is the function of the midbrain

A

inhibiting inappropriate muscle movements and dopamine signals to allow for smooth muscle movements

44
Q

where is the pons lcoated

A

between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

45
Q

what is the pons composed of

A

conduction tracts between higher brain centers and the spinal cord or between the motor cortex and the cerebellum

46
Q

what is the most inferior part of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

47
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

some control over the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

48
Q

what type of brain matter is in the spinal cord

A
  • gray matter
  • white matter
49
Q

what divides the left and right halves of the spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

50
Q

what shape is the gray matter in the spinal cord

A

butterfly-shaped

51
Q

is the gray matter deep to or superficial to the white matter in teh spinal cord

A

gray matter is deep to the white matter

52
Q

what is the white matter in the spinal cord composed of

A
  • axonal tracts that propagate both afferent and efferent impulses
  • axonal tracts that propagate contralateral impulses
  • axonal tracts that propagate ipsilateral impulses
  • axons that project into the ventral nerve roots
53
Q

list the cranial nerves in order

A

olfactory nerve I
optic nerve II
oculomotor nerve III
trochlear nerve IV
trigeminal nerve V
abducens nerve VI
facial nerve VII
vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
vagus nerve X
spinal accessory nerve XI
hypoglossal nerve XII

54
Q

is olfactory nerve I sensory, motor or both

A

sensory

55
Q

is optic nerve II sensory, motor or both

A

sensory

56
Q

is oculomotor nerve III sensory, motor or both

A

motor

57
Q

is trochlear nerve IV sensory, motor or both

A

motor

58
Q

is trigeminal nerve V sensory, motor or both

A

both

59
Q

is abducens nerve VI sensory, motor or both

A

motor

60
Q

is facial nerve VII sensory, motor or both

A

both

61
Q

is vestibulocochlear nerve VIII sensory, motor or both

A

sensory

62
Q

is glossopharyngeal nerve IX sensory, motor or both

A

both

63
Q

is vagus nerve X sensory, motor or both

A

both

64
Q

is spinal accessory nerve XI sensory, motor or both

A

motor

65
Q

is hypoglossal nerve XII sensory, motor or both

A

motor

66
Q

describe olfactory nerve I

A
  • tiny sensory nerves
  • run from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulbs
67
Q

describe optic nerve II

A
  • sensory nerve of vision
  • develops as an outgrowth of the brain so it is really a brain tract
68
Q

describe oculomotor nerve III

A
  • means “eye mover”
  • supplies 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit
69
Q

what are the 4 muscles that are supplied by oculomotor nerve III

A
  • inferior oblique
  • medial rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • superior rectus
70
Q

describe trochlear nerve IV

A
  • means “pulley”
  • innervates the superior oblique and extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shape ligament in the orbit (trochlea)
71
Q

describe trigeminal nerve V

A
  • 3 branches
  • largest of the cranial nerves
  • supplies sensory fibers to the face
  • supplies motor fibers to the chewing muscles
72
Q

describe abducens nerve VI

A

controls the lateral rectus

73
Q

describe facial nerve VII

A
  • large nerve
  • innervates muscles of facial expression among other things
74
Q

describe vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

A
  • sensory nerve
  • hearing and balance
75
Q

describe glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A
  • means “tongue and pharynx”
  • innervates the tongue and pharynx
  • primarily sensory to the throat
76
Q

describe vagus nerve X

A
  • only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck
  • supplies motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs or the thorax and abdomen
77
Q

describe spinal accessory nerve XI

A
  • primarily motor
  • supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
78
Q

describe hypoglossal nerve XII

A
  • means “under the tongue”
  • runs inferior to the tongue
  • innervates muscles of the tongue
79
Q

describe Meissner’s corpuscles

A
  • function as light pressure receptors of the dermis
  • located within the dermal papillae
80
Q

what is the two-way communication that peripheral nerves often provide

A

efferent and afferent

81
Q

what encases axons

A

myelin sheaths

82
Q

define shwann cells

A
  • type of glial cell
  • create myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system
  • insulate axons from one another
83
Q

define nodes of Ranvier

A
  • unmyelinated gaps between cells of the myelin sheath
  • allow action potentials to jump from node to node
84
Q

define saltatory conduction

A
  • “jumping” conduction
  • from nodes of Ranvier on myelin sheaths
  • increases action potential velocity
85
Q

list the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord in order from superficial to deep

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
86
Q

define subarachnoid space

A
  • area between the arachnoid and pia maters
  • filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • houses blood vessels that supply the brain

BIOL 319 (15 decks)

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