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BIOL 319 > Lab 3: Osteology: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints > Flashcards

Lab 3: Osteology: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are a large portion of the bones of the appendicular skeleton held together by

A

diarthrotic (freely movable) joints

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2
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

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3
Q

how many bones are in the pectoral girdles of the appendicular skeleton

A

4

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4
Q

what are the bones in the pectoral girdles of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • 2 clavicle
  • 2 scapula
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5
Q

how many bones are in the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton

A

2

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6
Q

what are the bones in the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton

A

2 os coxa

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7
Q

how many bones are in the upper limbs of the appendicular skeleton

A

60

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8
Q

what are the bones in the upper limb of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • 2 humerus
  • 2 ulna
  • 2 radius
  • 16 carpal bones
  • 10 metacarpal bones
  • 28 phalanges
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9
Q

how many bones are in the lower limbs of the appendicular skeleton

A

60

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10
Q

what are the bones in the lower limbs of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • 2 femur
  • 2 patella
  • 2 tibia
  • 2 fibula
  • 14 tarsal bones
  • 10 metatarsal bones
  • 28 phalanges
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11
Q

define synarthroses

A
  • joints that do not allow for any movement
  • sutures of the skull, epiphyseal lines
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12
Q

define amphiarthroses

A
  • joints that allow for little movement from the give of connective tissues
  • ligamentous connections between the tibia and fibula or pubic symphysis
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13
Q

define diarthroses

A
  • joints that have free movement due to joint capsules containing synovial fluid
  • also called synovial joints
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14
Q

list the different categories of synovial joints/diarthroses

A
  • nonaxial
  • uniaxial
  • biaxial
  • multiaxial
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15
Q

describe nonaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit translational movement
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16
Q

what are examples of nonaxial joints

A

plane/gliding joints

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17
Q

describe uniaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit movement in one plane
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18
Q

what are examples of uniaxial joints

A
  • hinge joints
  • pivot joints
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19
Q

describe biaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit movement in two planes
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20
Q

what are example of biaxial joints

A
  • condylar joints
  • saddle joints
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21
Q

describe multiaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit movement in three planes
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22
Q

what are examples of multiaxial joints

A

ball and socket joints

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23
Q

what type of movement do plane/gliding joints provide

A
  • nonaxial movement
  • gliding
  • limited due to supporting ligaments
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24
Q

where are plane/gliding joints commonly found

A
  • where flat articular surfaces slide by neighboring bones
  • wrist, tarsals
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25
Q

examples of plane/gliding joints

A
  • intercarpal joints
  • intertarsal joints
  • joints between vertebral articular surfaces
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26
Q

what type of movement do ball and socket joints provide

A
  • multiaxial movement
  • flexion and extension
  • adduction and abduction
  • rotation
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27
Q

where are ball and socket joints commonly found

A
  • where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone
  • joints between humerus and scapula
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28
Q

examples of ball and socket joints

A
  • shoulder joints
  • hip joints
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29
Q

what type of movement do hinge joints provide

A
  • uniaxial movement
  • flexion and extension
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30
Q

examples of hinge joints

A
  • elbow joints
  • interphalangeal joints
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31
Q

what type of movement do pivot joints provide

A
  • uniaxial movement
  • rotation of one bone around another
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32
Q

examples of pivot joints

A
  • proximal radioulnar joints
  • atlantoaxial joints
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33
Q

what type of movement do condylar joints provide

A
  • biaxial movement
  • flexion and extension
  • adduction and abduction
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34
Q

what are condylar joints characterized by

A

convex surface of one bone articulates in a concave depression of another bone

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35
Q

examples of condylar joints

A

metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

36
Q

what type of movement do saddle joints provide

A
  • biaxial movement
  • flexion and extension
  • adduction and abduction
37
Q

examples of saddle joints

A

carpometacarpal joints of the thumb (between thumb metacarpus and trapezium bone of the wrist)

38
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A
  • uniaxial synovial joint
  • hinge joint
39
Q

what type of movement does the knee joint provide

A
  • uniaxial movement
  • flexion and extension of the lower leg
40
Q

what are the components of the knee joint

A
  • distal end of the femur
  • proximal end of the tibia
  • patella
41
Q

how many connections does each ligament in the knee generally have

A
  • two
  • one on each bone
42
Q

what is the purpose of ligaments in the knee joint

A
  • stabilize the joint, keep it in place
  • allow for some give
43
Q

list common injuries in the knee and the cause

A
  • tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus, and medial collateral ligament
  • happen when the ligaments are stretched beyond their capacity, hyperextension or hyperflexion
44
Q

why do synovial joints have such a wide range of motion

A

joint cavity between articulating bones

45
Q

describe articular cartilage (structure and function)

A
  • caps the epiphysis of articulating bones
  • slippery gelatinous surface of hyaline cartilage
  • protects the epiphyses
  • prevents bones from making contact across the joint cavity
46
Q

describe the synovial membrane

A
  • lines the joint cavity in synovial joints
  • produces synovial fluid
47
Q

what happens when you have injury to a joint

A
  • inflammation of the synovial membrane
  • excessive fluid production leading to edema
48
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint

A
  • multiaxial synovial joint
  • ball and socket joint
49
Q

what are the components of the hip joint

A
  • head of the femur
  • acetabulum of the coxal bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
50
Q

describe hip dysplasia

A
  • the acetabulum develops too shallow so the head of the femur cannot fit inside
  • the femur dislocates from the hip very easily
  • can cause arthritis later in life due to excessive friction
51
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder joint

A
  • multiaxial synovial joint
  • ball and socket joint
52
Q

what are the components of the shoulder joint

A
  • head of the humerus
  • glenoid cavity of the scapula
53
Q

what makes the shoulder joint different from the knee joint and why

A
  • ligament connections go around outside the joint
  • a wide range of movement is needed for the shoulder to work properly
54
Q

how many muscles stabilize the shoulder joint

A

4

55
Q

what is the name for the four muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint

A

rotator cuff muscles

56
Q

why are they called rotator cuff muscles

A

they each contain a tendon that converges on a fibrous “cuff” surrounding the lateral head of the humerus

57
Q

what are components of the pectoral girdle

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
58
Q

what are components of the forearm

A
  • ulna
  • radius
59
Q

what are components of the pelvic girdle

A
  • hip bones (os coxae, coxal bone)
  • sacrum
60
Q

what are the three fused bones of the coxal bone

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
61
Q

what bone is used to figure out teh sex of a skeleton

A

pelvis

62
Q

when do sex-related skeletal features become define

A

after puberty

63
Q

describe the structure of the biological male pelvis

A
  • narrow public arch and pelvic brim
  • ventrally curved coccyx
64
Q

describe the structure of the biological female pelvis

A
  • wide pubic arch
  • oval shaped pelvic brim
  • straight coccyx
65
Q

how do you determine if the clavicle is in a superior or inferior view

A

conoid tubercle on inferior side

66
Q

how do you determine a left from right clavicle

A
  • sternal end is towards the medial side
  • acromial end is towards the later side
67
Q

how do you determine if the scapula is in an anterior or posterior view

A
  • anterior side is smooth
  • posterior side has the spin of the scapula
68
Q

how do you determine a left from right scapula

A
  • glenoid cavity, acromion process, and coracoid process are facing laterally
  • medial border is towards the medial side
69
Q

how do you determine if the humerus is in an anterior or posterior view

A
  • anterior side has radial fossa and coronoid fossa
  • posterior side has the olecranon fossa
70
Q

how do you determine a left from right humerus

A

head of the humerus faces the medial side from the anterior view

71
Q

how do you determine if the ulna is in an anterior or posterior view

A

trochlear notch, olecranon process, and coronoid process are on the anterior view

72
Q

how do you determine a left from right ulna

A
  • radial notch faces laterally
  • coronoid process (rounded area) on medial side
73
Q

how do you determine if the radius is in an anterior or posterior view

A

styloid process and radial tuberosity are on the anterior view

74
Q

how do you determine a left from right ulna

A
  • styloid process on the lateral side
  • radial tuberosity on the medial side
75
Q

how do you determine if the hand is in an anterior or posterior view

A

pisiform and hook hamate are visible on the anterior view

76
Q

what is a mnemonic that can be used for carpal bones

A
  • so long the pinky here homes the thumb
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, hook of hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
77
Q

how do you determine if the ox coxae is in a medial or lateral view

A
  • auricular surface visible on medial side
  • acetabulum visible on lateral side
78
Q

how do you determine a left from right ox coxae

A

from the medial view, the acetabulum will be on the lateral side facing its corresponding side

79
Q

how do you determine if the femur is in an anterior or posterior view

A

posterior side shows the intercondylar notch and large rounded condyles

80
Q

how do you determine a left from right femur

A

head of femur faces medially from anterior view

81
Q

how do you determine if the tibia is in an anterior or posterior view

A

tibial tuberosity visible in anterior view

82
Q

how do you determine a left form right tibia

A

medial malleolus is on the medial side

83
Q

how do you determine a left from right fibula

A

lateral malleolus is on the lateral side

84
Q

how do you determine is the foot is in a superior or inferior view

A

the talus is visible on the superior view

85
Q

what is a mnemonic that can be used for tarsal bones

A
  • mother in law can call the nanny
  • medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid, calcaneus, talus, navicular

BIOL 319 (15 decks)

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