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BIOL 319 > Lab 3: Osteology: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints > Flashcards

Lab 3: Osteology: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are a large portion of the bones of the appendicular skeleton held together by

A

diarthrotic (freely movable) joints

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2
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

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3
Q

how many bones are in the pectoral girdles of the appendicular skeleton

A

4

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4
Q

what are the bones in the pectoral girdles of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • 2 clavicle
  • 2 scapula
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5
Q

how many bones are in the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton

A

2

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6
Q

what are the bones in the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton

A

2 os coxa

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7
Q

how many bones are in the upper limbs of the appendicular skeleton

A

60

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8
Q

what are the bones in the upper limb of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • 2 humerus
  • 2 ulna
  • 2 radius
  • 16 carpal bones
  • 10 metacarpal bones
  • 28 phalanges
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9
Q

how many bones are in the lower limbs of the appendicular skeleton

A

60

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10
Q

what are the bones in the lower limbs of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • 2 femur
  • 2 patella
  • 2 tibia
  • 2 fibula
  • 14 tarsal bones
  • 10 metatarsal bones
  • 28 phalanges
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11
Q

define synarthroses

A
  • joints that do not allow for any movement
  • sutures of the skull, epiphyseal lines
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12
Q

define amphiarthroses

A
  • joints that allow for little movement from the give of connective tissues
  • ligamentous connections between the tibia and fibula or pubic symphysis
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13
Q

define diarthroses

A
  • joints that have free movement due to joint capsules containing synovial fluid
  • also called synovial joints
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14
Q

list the different categories of synovial joints/diarthroses

A
  • nonaxial
  • uniaxial
  • biaxial
  • multiaxial
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15
Q

describe nonaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit translational movement
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16
Q

what are examples of nonaxial joints

A

plane/gliding joints

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17
Q

describe uniaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit movement in one plane
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18
Q

what are examples of uniaxial joints

A
  • hinge joints
  • pivot joints
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19
Q

describe biaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit movement in two planes
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20
Q

what are example of biaxial joints

A
  • condylar joints
  • saddle joints
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21
Q

describe multiaxial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • permit movement in three planes
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22
Q

what are examples of multiaxial joints

A

ball and socket joints

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23
Q

what type of movement do plane/gliding joints provide

A
  • nonaxial movement
  • gliding
  • limited due to supporting ligaments
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24
Q

where are plane/gliding joints commonly found

A
  • where flat articular surfaces slide by neighboring bones
  • wrist, tarsals
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25
examples of plane/gliding joints
- intercarpal joints - intertarsal joints - joints between vertebral articular surfaces
26
what type of movement do ball and socket joints provide
- multiaxial movement - flexion and extension - adduction and abduction - rotation
27
where are ball and socket joints commonly found
- where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone - joints between humerus and scapula
28
examples of ball and socket joints
- shoulder joints - hip joints
29
what type of movement do hinge joints provide
- uniaxial movement - flexion and extension
30
examples of hinge joints
- elbow joints - interphalangeal joints
31
what type of movement do pivot joints provide
- uniaxial movement - rotation of one bone around another
32
examples of pivot joints
- proximal radioulnar joints - atlantoaxial joints
33
what type of movement do condylar joints provide
- biaxial movement - flexion and extension - adduction and abduction
34
what are condylar joints characterized by
convex surface of one bone articulates in a concave depression of another bone
35
examples of condylar joints
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
36
what type of movement do saddle joints provide
- biaxial movement - flexion and extension - adduction and abduction
37
examples of saddle joints
carpometacarpal joints of the thumb (between thumb metacarpus and trapezium bone of the wrist)
38
what type of joint is the knee joint
- uniaxial synovial joint - hinge joint
39
what type of movement does the knee joint provide
- uniaxial movement - flexion and extension of the lower leg
40
what are the components of the knee joint
- distal end of the femur - proximal end of the tibia - patella
41
how many connections does each ligament in the knee generally have
- two - one on each bone
42
what is the purpose of ligaments in the knee joint
- stabilize the joint, keep it in place - allow for some give
43
list common injuries in the knee and the cause
- tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus, and medial collateral ligament - happen when the ligaments are stretched beyond their capacity, hyperextension or hyperflexion
44
why do synovial joints have such a wide range of motion
joint cavity between articulating bones
45
describe articular cartilage (structure and function)
- caps the epiphysis of articulating bones - slippery gelatinous surface of hyaline cartilage - protects the epiphyses - prevents bones from making contact across the joint cavity
46
describe the synovial membrane
- lines the joint cavity in synovial joints - produces synovial fluid
47
what happens when you have injury to a joint
- inflammation of the synovial membrane - excessive fluid production leading to edema
48
what type of joint is the hip joint
- multiaxial synovial joint - ball and socket joint
49
what are the components of the hip joint
- head of the femur - acetabulum of the coxal bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
50
describe hip dysplasia
- the acetabulum develops too shallow so the head of the femur cannot fit inside - the femur dislocates from the hip very easily - can cause arthritis later in life due to excessive friction
51
what type of joint is the shoulder joint
- multiaxial synovial joint - ball and socket joint
52
what are the components of the shoulder joint
- head of the humerus - glenoid cavity of the scapula
53
what makes the shoulder joint different from the knee joint and why
- ligament connections go around outside the joint - a wide range of movement is needed for the shoulder to work properly
54
how many muscles stabilize the shoulder joint
4
55
what is the name for the four muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint
rotator cuff muscles
56
why are they called rotator cuff muscles
they each contain a tendon that converges on a fibrous "cuff" surrounding the lateral head of the humerus
57
what are components of the pectoral girdle
- clavicle - scapula
58
what are components of the forearm
- ulna - radius
59
what are components of the pelvic girdle
- hip bones (os coxae, coxal bone) - sacrum
60
what are the three fused bones of the coxal bone
- ilium - ischium - pubis
61
what bone is used to figure out teh sex of a skeleton
pelvis
62
when do sex-related skeletal features become define
after puberty
63
describe the structure of the biological male pelvis
- narrow public arch and pelvic brim - ventrally curved coccyx
64
describe the structure of the biological female pelvis
- wide pubic arch - oval shaped pelvic brim - straight coccyx
65
how do you determine if the clavicle is in a superior or inferior view
conoid tubercle on inferior side
66
how do you determine a left from right clavicle
- sternal end is towards the medial side - acromial end is towards the later side
67
how do you determine if the scapula is in an anterior or posterior view
- anterior side is smooth - posterior side has the spin of the scapula
68
how do you determine a left from right scapula
- glenoid cavity, acromion process, and coracoid process are facing laterally - medial border is towards the medial side
69
how do you determine if the humerus is in an anterior or posterior view
- anterior side has radial fossa and coronoid fossa - posterior side has the olecranon fossa
70
how do you determine a left from right humerus
head of the humerus faces the medial side from the anterior view
71
how do you determine if the ulna is in an anterior or posterior view
trochlear notch, olecranon process, and coronoid process are on the anterior view
72
how do you determine a left from right ulna
- radial notch faces laterally - coronoid process (rounded area) on medial side
73
how do you determine if the radius is in an anterior or posterior view
styloid process and radial tuberosity are on the anterior view
74
how do you determine a left from right ulna
- styloid process on the lateral side - radial tuberosity on the medial side
75
how do you determine if the hand is in an anterior or posterior view
pisiform and hook hamate are visible on the anterior view
76
what is a mnemonic that can be used for carpal bones
- so long the pinky here homes the thumb - scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, hook of hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
77
how do you determine if the ox coxae is in a medial or lateral view
- auricular surface visible on medial side - acetabulum visible on lateral side
78
how do you determine a left from right ox coxae
from the medial view, the acetabulum will be on the lateral side facing its corresponding side
79
how do you determine if the femur is in an anterior or posterior view
posterior side shows the intercondylar notch and large rounded condyles
80
how do you determine a left from right femur
head of femur faces medially from anterior view
81
how do you determine if the tibia is in an anterior or posterior view
tibial tuberosity visible in anterior view
82
how do you determine a left form right tibia
medial malleolus is on the medial side
83
how do you determine a left from right fibula
lateral malleolus is on the lateral side
84
how do you determine is the foot is in a superior or inferior view
the talus is visible on the superior view
85
what is a mnemonic that can be used for tarsal bones
- mother in law can call the nanny - medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid, calcaneus, talus, navicular

BIOL 319 (15 decks)

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