tissues Flashcards
group of cells with similar structure and function
tissues
what are the 4 primary types of tissues
epithelium
connective tissues
muscle tisues
nervous tissues
study of tissue
histology
removing tissue samples from patients
biopsy
what is the plural of epithelium
epithelia
where can epithelium be found
body covering (skin)
body linings
glandular tissues (glands of the body)
what are the functions of the epithelium
protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
what are the 3 classification of epithelia
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
what are the 3 types of epithelial shape cells
squamous (flattened)
cuboidal (cube-shaped)
columnar (column like)
what is the function of simple squamous
allow passage of materials by diffusion
what is the function of simple cuboidal
secretion and absorption
what is the function of a simple columnar
absorption
secretion of mucus
enzymes and other substance
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar
synthesize and secretes mucus onto the free surface
what is the function of stratified squamous
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
what is the function of transitional tissue
stretches readily and permits distension
what tissues can be found in lines body cavities and lines lung and capillaries
simple squamous epithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in
kidneys (specifically in kidney tubles and ducts )
ovaries
simple cuboidal epithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in
digestive tract
gall bladder
excretory ducts
non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in
male’s sperm
trachea (upper respiratory tract)
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in the epidermis of the skin
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in the moist lining of
esophagus
mouth
vagina
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in large glands
(sweat glads, mammary glands)
stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue and stratified olumnar eithelium tissue
what tissues can be found in
uterus
bladder
part of the urethra
transitional epithelium tissue
which epithelium tissue is a flat cells
simple squamous epithelium tissue
which epithelium tissue is a cube-like cells
simple cuboidal epithelium tissue
which epithelium tissue is a single layer of tall cells
simple columnar epithelium tissue
which epithelium tissue is a single layer but some cells are shorter than the others
pseudo stratified epithelium tissue
what is the main function of stratified epithelium
protection
which epithelium tissue resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
transitional epithelium tissue
the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes
pathophysiology
what are the 3 pathophysiology
clue cell
celiac spruce or gluten
ductal carcinoma
which pathophysiology can cause infection in the gardenerella
clue cell
which pathophysiology sensitive enteropathy
celiac spruce
( is an immune reaction to eating gluten) thus abnormality of appearance
which pathophysiology can affect the breask milk, abnormal formation of cells
ductal carcinoma
what are the 3 elements of connective tissues
ground substance
fibers
cells
which main elements in the CT has extracellular matrix
grounds subs
fibers
what are the functions of CT
binds body tissue tgt
supports the body
provides protection
what are the 3 major components of extracellular matrix
protein fibers
ground substance
fluid
what are the 3 types of protein fibers
collagen
recticular
elastic
which CT has a gel like substance and has fibers
embryonic tissues
what type of cells can be found in the embryo
embryonic connective tissues
what are the 4 main class of CT
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood
types of loose CT
areolar
adipose
recticular
types of dense CT
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
types of bone CT
compact
spongy
types of blood CT
WBC
RBC
platelets
what is the function of areolar CT
wraps and cushion organs
holds and conveys tissue fluid
macrophages phagocytize bacteria
important role in inflammation
what is the function of recticular CT
the fibers form internal skeleton
(supports other cell types fr eg WBC)
what is the function of adipose CT
reserve food fuel
insulate against heat loss
supports and protect organs
what kind of dense CT is closely packed bundles of collagen fibers
dense regular CT
what kind of dense CT that contains thick nbundles of collagen fibers arranged in irregular fashion
dense irregular fasion
what kind of CT that tendons and ligaments can be found
dense regular CT
what kind of CT that
dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
fibrous capsule of organs and joints
can be found
dense irregular CT
what kind of CT that
the dorsal aspect of neck, vocal chords, blood vessels walls
can be found
elastic CT
what is the function of dense regular CT
attach muscles to bones/ muscles
attach bones to bones
withstand great tensile
what is the function of elastic CT
able to stretch and recoil w strength in the direction of the fiber orientation
what is the function of dense irregular CT
able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
provides structural strength
why do cartilage heal slowly when injured
as it is avascular
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
which cartilage is less firm than hyaline
fibrocartilage
in hyaline cartilage, what produces the matrix
chondroblasts
what kind of cartilage, can this be found:
costal cartilage of ribs
cartilage of nose
trachea and larynx
hyaline cartilage
what kind of cartilage, can this be found:
external ear (pinna)
epiglottis
elastic cartilage
what kind of cartilage, can this be found:
intervertbral discs
pubic symphysis
discs of knee joints
fibrocartilage
what are the 2 cartilage are the most abundant
elastic and hyaline cartilage
which cartilage is the most abundant but has more elastic fibre in matrix
elastic cartilage
what are the functions of elastic
provides elasticity
maintains shape of a structure while allowing great flexibilty
what are the functions of hyaline cartilage
supports and reinforce
cushion properties
resists comprehensive stress
what are the functions of fibrocartilage
has tensile strength: ability to absorb compressive shock
bone is also known as
osseous tissue
what are the bone functions
bone supports and protects
stores calcium and other minerals and fats
site for cell formation (hematopesis)
define osteoblasts in bones
immature bone cells
define osteocytes in bones
mature bone cells
what is found in the fluid within the blood vessels
blood
identify what is atypical CT
(cannot connect things or give support)
blood
why is blood classified as a CT
as it develops mesenchyme and
consist of blood cells (surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix)
what can be found in the fluid matrix in the plasma
red or white blood cells
what is the function of blood
transport gases, nutrients waste and other substances
blood can be found within the
blood vessels
what are the 5 types of WBC
lymphocytes
eosinophil
monocytes
basohil
neuotrophils
what is the main component of the nervous system
nervous tissue
what are the 2 types of nervous tissue
neurons
supporting cells
what type of cells in the nervous tissue that
generate and conduct electrical impulse
neurons cells
what type of cells in the nervous tissues that
has a non conductive cell
support, insulate and protect the neurons
supporting cells
what is the function of the nervous tissue
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
nervous tissue can be located at
brain
spinal cord
nerve
neuron cells are what kind of cells ? (branching or contributing to nervous system)
branching cells
supporting cells are what kind of cells ? (branching or contributing to nervous system)
contributing to nervous system
what tissues that are
highly cellular
well vasularizes tissues that is responsible for the movement
muscle tissues
what are the 3 types of muscle tissues
skeletal muscle tissues
cardiac muscle tissues
smooth muscle tissues
which muscle tissue
-transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors. (voluntary movement)
-locomotion
-facial expression
skeletal muscle tissues
which muscle tissue
propels the blood to the circulation
involuntary control
cardiac muscle tissues
which muscle tissues
propels substances
have an involuntary control
smooth muscle tissues
which muscle tissue has
cells that are large, long and cylindrical w many nucleui
skeletal muscle tissues
which muscle tissue has
cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus
cardiac muscle tissues
which muscle tissue that are not striated and have a single nucleus
smooth muscle tissues
skeletal muscle tissues can be found in
attached to bones
ocassionally to the skin
cardiac muscle tissues can be found in
walls of the heart
smooth muscle tissues can be found in
mostly in hollow organs
name the tissues that can regenerate easily
epithelial tissue
fibrous connective tissue
bone
name the tissues that can regenerate poorly
skeletal muscle
cartilage
name the tissues that can replace largely w scar tissues
cardiac muscle
nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
which cells are very cellular and compact
epithelial
what are the functions of epithelium cells
protection
absorption
secretion
sensory reception
excretion
lubrication
cell connections that mechanically bind epithelial cells together
desmosomes
bind cells to the basement membrane
hemidesmoomes
it is a barrier to movement of molecules or ions between epithelia cells
tight junctions
it allows for intercellular interactions
gap junctions
composed of epithelium supported by a network of CT
glands
endocrine produces chemicals called
hormone
what is a ductless glands and an extensive network of blood vessels
endocrine
what is categorized on the basis of their structure and mode of secretion
exocrine
it refers to the tube in contact with the epithelial tissue free surface
duct
what is secretory portion
it is responsible for producing the secretory material
what are the 3 types of exocrine glands
unicellular
multicellular
compound
what are the 4 types of structural subtype of multicellular in exocrine glands
simple tubular
simple branched tubular
simple acinar
simple branched acinar
name the tubular that
glands formed a straight tube with no branching of the secretory portion
simple tubular
name the tubular that
has several tubular secretory portions branching from the single duct
simple branched tubular
name the tubular that
has glands with a single saclike secretory portion
simple acinar
name the tubular that
has glands with several acinar secretory portions branching from the single duct
simple branched acinar
what are the 3 types of structural subtype of compound in exocrine glands
compound tubular
compound acinar
compound tubuloacinar
name the tubular that
has glands with multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular secretory portion
compound tubular
name the tubular that
has glands with multiple ducts, each with several saclike secretory portions
compound acinar
name the tubular that
has glands with multiple ducts, each with several tubular acinar secretory portions
compound tubulacinar
what are the 3 modes of secretions
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine
what mode of secretion that
releases secretory products through exocytosis
merocrine
what mode of secretion that
release of secretory products when a portion of the free surface of the epithelial cell pinches off
apocrine
what mode of secretion that
release of secretory products through shedding of entire cells
holocrine
what mode of secretion is the most common
merocrine
what consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix
CT
what are the functions of CT (anaphy lec)
enclosing and seperating other tissue
connecting tissues to another
supporting and moving parts of the body
storing compounds
cushioning and insulating
transporting
protecting
what consists of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides
proteoglycans
what are the 2 classification of connective tissues
embryonic
adult
in CT proper, which has fewer fibers and more ground subs
loose CT
in CT proper, which has more fibers and less ground subs
dense CT
what are the 2 supporting CT
cartilage
bone
name the fluid CT
blood
what type of CT that has large protein fibers
dense CT
cartilage is composed of
chrondrycotes
collagen in the matrix gives cartilage…
flexibility and strength
what is a hard CT that consists of living cells and a internalized matrix
bone
bone cells are called
osteocytes
name the type of bone that has space between trabeculate or plates of bones
spongy bone
name the type of bone that has more solid and almost no space between many thin layers or mineralized matrix
compact bone
what is the function of blood
transport oxygen, CO2, hormones, nutrients and other substances
what tissues forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves
nervous tissue
what tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities
nervous tissue
what has a thin sheet of layers that covers a structure or lines a cavity
tissue membrane
what are the 4 types of tissue membranes
cutaneous membrane
mucous
serous
synovial
what membrane lines the cavities that open to the outside of the body
mucous membrane
mucous membrane is found at…
digestive,
respiratory,
reproductive tracts
which membrane consists of epithelial cells, their basement membrane and a thick layer of loose CT
mucuous membrane
which membrane lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body
serous membrane
where can serous membrane be found
pericardial,
pleural,
and peritoneal cavities
which membrane protects the internal organs from friction
serous membranes
which membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints
synovial membrane
which membrane produces synovial fluid
synovial membrane
what are the effects of the tissue damage and inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
disturbance of functions
substitution of viable cells for dead cells
tissue repair
tissues repair can occur by
regeneration or by replacement
what is histopathology
study of the changes in the microscopic structures of tissues
epithelial may develop from
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
all substance that enter or leave an organ must cross the…
epithelial tissue first
basement membrane in the epithelium separates the
epithelial tissues from underlying CT
what structure in the epithelium that
provides structural support for the epithelium and binds it to neighboring structures
basement membrane
which structure in epithelium
that has a thin layer of loose CT immediately beneath the epithelium (underlying the basement membrane)
lamina propia
impermeable junctions (most apical junctions)
tight junctions
function of tight junctions is to form
seal that prevents the flow of materials between epithelial cells in either way
whichjunctions hold cell tgt to prevent lateral tearing of tissues and provide mechanical attachment
adhering junctions
which junctions is a mediate intercellular communication
gap/ communicating junctions
gap/ communicating junctions can occur almost anywhere along the
lateral membranes of most epithelia cells and present in
nerves, smooth, muscle and epithelia
what are the 3 things that can be found in luminal/ apical surfaces
microvilli
cilia
stereocilia
in luminal/ apical structure
what structure is a minute finger-like extension or folds about 0.5-1cm micrometer high and 0.08 micrometer wide
microvilli
microvilli increases the cell surface area available for
absorption
which btwn microvilli and cilia
has a brush boarder appearance
microvilli
in luminal/ apical structure
what structure is an elongated, motile structure
cilia
in luminal/ apical structure
what structure has about 5-10cm long and 0,2 micrometers in diameter
cilia
in luminal/ apical structure
what structure has a long, nonmotile process of cells of the epididymis and vas deferens, hair cells of the inner ear
sterocilia
what type of epithelia is ciliated with goblet cells
pseudostratified columnar
exocrine are secretory products delivers through
a system ducts
secretory portion contains
secretory cells
in pseudostratified columnar, the cilia ‘sweeps’ what
the bacteria-laden mucus up
in pseudostratified columnar, the cilia ‘sweeps’ the bacteria-laden mucus up to where
up the respiratory tract towards the pharynx where it can be swallowed
transitional epithelium is also known as
uroepithelium
which cells in secretory portion is thin and watery
serous cells
which cells in secretory portion is thick and secretion
mucous cells
endocrine release their products into the
blood or lymph (hormones)
in exocrine, according to the nature of secretion
which is thick or viscid secretion
mucous glands
which secretory portion is intestinal glands
simple tubular glands
which secretory portion is sweat glands
coiled-tubular glands
which secretory portion is mammary glands
compound acinar glands
which secretory portion is salivary gland
compound tubuloaciunar glands
what is the pairs of major salivary glands called
submaxillary/ submandibular glands
