Endocrine System Flashcards
endocrine glands and cells secrete very small amounts of chemical messengers called
hormones
hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites
called
target tissues / effector
it is produced by the nervous system and others produced by the endocrine system
chemical messengers
chemical messengers allows cell to communicate with each other to …
regulate body activities
what are the 4 classes of chemical messengers
paracrine CM
autocrine CM
endocrine CM
neurotransmitter
identify the classes of chemical messenger:
chemical messengers secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell
neurotransmitter
identify the classes of messenger:
are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together constitute the endocrine system
endocrine CM
identify the classes of messenger:
act locally on neighboring cells
paracrine CM
identify the classes of messenger:
travel through the blood to their target cells
endocrine CM
identify the classes of messenger:
secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells
paracrine CM
identify the classes of messenger:
stimulates the cell that originally secreted it
autocrine CM
an example of autocrine chemical messenger
WBC
an example of paracrine chemical messenger
histamine
what are the 2 important control system of the body
nervous system
endocrine system
what are the 2 categories of hormones
lipid-soluble hormone
water-soluble hormone
its transport in the blood, its interaction with its target and its removal from the body
hormone’s metabolism
identify the chemical categories hormones:
nonpolar
lipid-soluble hormones
identify the chemical categories hormones:
polar
water-soluble hormone
examples of water soluble hormones
protein hormones
peptides hormones
amino acids derivatives hormones
examples of lipid soluble hormones
steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
fatty acid derivatives hormone
what are the 3 types of stimuli regulate hormone release
neural
hormonal
humoral
it is where molecules and ions in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the release of some hormones
stimulation of hormonal release
true or false
this is an example of stimulation of hormone release:
Elevated blood glucose levels directly stimulating the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin
Elevated blood potassium levels directly stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone aldosterone
true
what are the 3 inhibition of hormone release
neural
hormonal
humoral
it occurs when a hormone is secreted which stimulates the secretion of another hormone
hormonal stimuli
it is the secretion of stimulatory neurotransmitter and into and out of the endocrine cell and finally into the capillaries
neural stimuli
ANP
atrial natriuretic peptide
when there is a raise of blood pressure -
when there is a decrease in blood pressure -
- atria of the heart secretes hormone (ANP)
- adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone
identify the type of release of inhibition of release:
if the neurotransmitters in inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone
neural stimuli
______ and ______ work together to maintain the homeostasis of the body.
this is called the inhibition of hormone release by ______
aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide
humeral stimuli
identify the type of release of inhibition of release:
some hormones prevent the secretion of other hormones
hormonal stimuli
'’hormones from the hypothalamus that prevent the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland -inhibiting hormones “ this example is an example of..
inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli
endocrine system consists of _____ that secretes hormones into the ______
ductless glands
interstitial fluid
pituitary gland is also called as
hypophysis
it is a small gland about the size of a pea
the pituitary gland
this gland serves as the control system for the autonomic nervous system (cells that originally secreted it) as well as the endocrine system
hypothalamus
pituitary gland is divided into 2 parts
anterior pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland
hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone
hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
growth hormone
gonadotropic hormone (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)
prolactin
melanocyte- stimulating hormone
the anterior pituitary gland ____________, whose secretion is under the control of hypothalamus
synthesis hormones
identify the hormone: stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing gene expressions
growth hormone
identify the pathophysiology:
Too little growth hormone secretion resulting from abnormal development of the pituitary gland
pituitary dwarf
identify the pathophysiology:
Excess growth hormone is present before bones finish growing in length; exaggerated bone growth which results to an abnormally tall individual
giantism
identify the pathophysiology:
If excess hormone is secreted after growth in bone length is complete, growth continues in bone
acromegaly
acromegaly is where the _____ and ____ become abnormally large
facial features
hand
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
identify the hormone:
increases the secretion of a hormone from the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH is required to keep the adrenal cortex from
degenerating
it binds to melanocytes in the skin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
identify the hormone:
regulate the growth, development and functions of the gonads.
gonadotropin hormones
what are the 2 major gonadotropin hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
identify the hormone:
stimulates ovulation; promotes the secretion of the reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone, from the ovaries; stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete the reproductive hormone testosterone
luteinizing hormone
identify the hormone: stimulates the development of follicles
follicle stimulating hormone
identify the hormone: helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy
prolactin
identify the hormone:
binds to membrane-bound receptors on melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin
melanocyte- stimulating hormone
antidiuretic hormone is also called:
vasopressin
identify the hormone:
binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules
antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules which resulted in __________
less water lost
identify the pathophysiology:
lack of ADH secretion causing production of a large amount of dilute urine
diabetes insipidus
identify the hormone:
binds to membrane-bound receptors and causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as milk letdown from the breasts in lactating women
oxytocin
what are the hormones produced by thyroid gland
T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
calcitonin
the thyroid gland contains numerous
thyroid follicles
the thyroid gland requires ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.
iodine
how many iodine atoms are there in
triiodothyronine-
tetraiodothyronine-
triiodothyronine- 3
tetraiodothyronine- 4
Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by hormones from both the _________ and _________.
pituitary and hypothalamus
identify the pathophysiology:
lack of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
identify the pathophysiology:
hypothyroidism ln infants; characterized by developmental delay, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures
cretinism
identify the pathophysiology:
elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion
hyperthyroidism
identify the pathophysiology:
the lack of thyroid hormones results in a decreased metabolic rate, which can result in low body temperature, weight gain, reduced appetite, and lethargy
hypothyroidism
identify the pathophysiology:
autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism
grave’s disease
identify the pathophysiology:
causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue
hyperthyroidism
hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
calcitonin
calcitonin is secreted by the _______ of the thyroid glands
parafollicular cells
it is secreted if the blood concentration of Ca2T+ becomes too high to lower the blood Ca2+ levels to return to their normal range
calcitonin
it is the four tiny glands embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid
parathyroid gland
hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormones
identify the hormone:
it is essential for regulation of blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormones
what are the effects of parathyroid gland
increase the levels of the active vitamin D formation
increase the blood Ca2+ levels
decrease loss of Ca2+ in the urine
decreasing blood Ca2+ levels stimulate an ______ in PTH secretion
increase
increasing blood Ca2+ levels stimulate an ______ in PTH secretion
decrease
two small glands located superior to each kidney
adrenal glands
inner part of the adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
outer part of the adrenal cortex
adrenal cortex
what are the 2 major hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
norepinephrine
epinephrine
it is the fight or flight hormones
norepinephrine
epinephrine
it is also known as the adrenaline hormone
epinephrine
adrenal cortex secretes ______ hormones
steroid hormones
what are the 3 classes of steroid hormones of the adrenal hormones
glucocorticoid (cortisol)
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
adrenal androgen
identify the steroid hormones: regulate ion balance in the blood; increases the rate of Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
identify the steroid hormones:
provide energy for cells by stimulating the increased use of lipids and proteins; increase blood glucose levels and glycogen deposits in cells
glucocorticoid (cortisol)
identify the steroid hormones:
stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
adrenal androgens
Consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
pancreas
what are the 3 cell types of the islet of Langerhans cells
alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
Alpha cells-
Beta cells-
Delta cells-
Alpha cells- glucagon
Beta cells- insulin
Delta cells- somatostatin
somatostatin is also known as
growth hormone inhibiting hormone
released by the delta cells in response to food intake
somatostatin
released by beta cells when blood glucose levels are elevated
insulin
released from the alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low
glucagon
inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits the gastric tract activity
Somatostain
it is the body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels within the normal range.
diabetes mellitus
what are the types of diabetes mellitus
type 1
type 2
identify the type of diabetes mellitus:
occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the pancreas
type 1
identify the type of diabetes mellitus:
caused by either too few insulin receptors on target cells or defective receptors on target cells
type 2
testes and ovaries secretes ______ hormones
reproductive
hormones produced by testes and ovaries play important roles in the development of ______
sexual characteristics
it is the main reproductive hormone in the male
testerone
testes secretes what hormones
testerone
testosterone regulates the production of _____ by the testes
sperm cell
identify the hormone:
develops and maintains male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
identify the hormone:
control the female reproductive cycle
estrogen and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone:
- maintain _____
- prepare the mammary glands for _____
pregnancy
lactation
it is responsible for the development of the female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics
estrogen and progesterone
it lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity
thymus
thymus is important in the function of ______
the immune system
thymus secretes ______
thymosin
thymosin aids in the development of _____
white blood cells (T cells)
it aids the development of WBC
thymosin
it is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain
pineal gland
pineal gland produces ____
melatonin
it helps regulate the onset of puberty by acting on the hypothalamus
melatonin
