cells Flashcards
what are the 3 things that all cells have in common
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA (genetic material)
which cell,
prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell is a unicellular organism
prokaryotic
the difference btwn prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
prokaryotic- no nucleus but contain genetic materials
eukaryotic- hv nucleus and membrane
what maintains the cell shape
cytoskeleton
which organelle provide energy for all cell activities
mitochondria
during cellular respiration, mitochondria makes … to provide energy for all cell activities
ATP molecule
nucleus contains
nucleolus
what are made in the nucleolus
ribosomes
ribosomes will synthesise proteins when it leaves the…
nucleus
where will ribosomes roam at
move freely at the cytoplasm
or attach at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
what are the types of ER
smooth and rough
what type of ER do ribosomes are attached at
rough ER
function of ER
it is a membrane enclosed passage way for transporting materials (proteins)
how do the protein and the other molecule emerge from the ER
in small vesicles
where do the proteins and other materials in the small vesicles are transported to
the golgi apparatus
what happens to the proteins in the golgi apparatus
they are customised to forms that cell can be used
by folding into usable shapes or add materials (lipids/ carbs etc)
which organelle is filled with enzymes
lysosome
what is the function of enzyme in the lysosome
it breaks down this cellular debris
nucleus contains…
DNA
what is the purpose of DNA in the nucleus
it dictates what to do and how
what is found inside the nuclear membrane
chromatin
when the cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into…
chromosomes
which part of phospolipid is hydrophilic
polar
which part of the phosholipid is hydrophobic
nonpolar
what are the 2 types of protein in the plasma membrane
peripheral protein
integral protein
define hydrophilic
likes water
define hydrophobic
does not like water
glycolipids + glycoproteins =
glycocalyx
peripheral protein is found on the…
peripheral area on the membrane
what is the difference btwn peripheral and integral protein
peripheral- cannot go through the membrane
integral- can go through the membrane
integral proteins are involved in all kinds of transporting such as
glucose
why do glucose needs an integral protein to transport in the membrane as
it cant squeeze through phospholipids bc they are too big and polar
which phospholipid protein are loosely attached, acts as an enzyme and attached to the cytoskeleton
peripheral protein
what are the functions of phospolipid bilayer
determines what moves in and out of the cell
cell regulation of ion movement (P.I.S.O)
function of rough ER
synthesizing large amounts of proteins
function of smooth ER
site for lipid synthesis
detoxify chemicals (alcohol and meds)
stores calcium
which organelle stores calcium
smooth ER
what are the 2 types of chromatin
euchromatin
heterochromatin
which chromatin is loosely packed and has light staining
euchromatin
which chromatin is tightly packed and has dark staining
heterochromatin
what does mRNA stands for
messenger ribonucleic acid
mRNA carries…
genetic info
mRNA carries genetic info from… to …
nucleus to ribosomes
mRNA travels out to the…
how does it travel out
cytoplasm
by travelling on an organelle
(attach to nucleus)
nucleus consists of …
nuclear pores
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores consists of
inner and outer membrane
what is the function of nuclear pores
it is a passageway where materials can move in and out of the cell
which organelle produce and process fats and hormones
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
which organelle contains chemicals that get rid of unwanted molecule
lysosome
what are the cytoskeletal elements
microtuble
microfilaments
cyotskeletal elements consist of what structure
protein structure
what is the function of cytoskeletal
supports cell
hold organelle in place
enable cell to change shape
peroxisome contains enzyme that break down
fatty acids
amino acids
hydrogen peroxide
what is the by product of fatty acids and amino acids breakdown in the peroxisomes
hydrogen peroxide
are hydrogen peroxide toxic in cell?
yes
why is blood considered a connective tissue
it originated from the mesenchyme
what is the function of cilia
propels mucus and foreign materials
why do cartilage heal slowly
as they are avascular
Shape and no. of layers of epithelial cells can change if they are subjected to…
Long term irritation or other abnormal conditions
Structures hold them to each other or
To the basement membrane
What is the cell connection structure ls that mechanically bind epithelial cell together
Desmosomes
What binds cells to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
It is a barrier to movement of molecules or ions between epithelial cells
tight conjunctions
They allow intercellular communication
gap injections
What composed of epithelium supported by a network of connective tissues
Glands
Endocrine produces…
Chemicals called hormones
What is a ductless glands and an extensive network of blood vessels
Endocrine
What are exocrine
Categorised on the basis of their structure and mode of secretion
What refers to the tube in the contact with epithelial tissues free surface
Duct
What is responsible for producing the secreted material
Secretory portion
What are the 3 modes of secretion
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
What consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellur matrix
CT
Cells of connective tissues:
“Blasts” create the…
Matrix
Cells of connective tissues
“Cytes”…
Maitain
Cells of connective tissues:
“ Clasts”
Break it down for remodeling
what are the cells function
receiving instructions
manufacture
packaging
shipping
the function of the cell are that these instructions are exported on long molecules called
mRNA
nucleus is the cells command centre contains blueprint in the form of
containing blueprints in the form of DNA
what produces and processes fats and hormones
SER
what acts as a cell’s clean up crew
lysosomes
lysosomes contains unwanted molecule to…
get rid of unwanted molecules
what is the organization points for microtubule
centosomes
centromes are structures that help…
separate DNA during cell division
cytoplasm is the space between organelles that is filled with….
microtubles
mitochondria is where most of the cell’s supply of
chemical energy is generated
what helps make protein
ribosome
what cells that have no nuclear membrane and no distinct nucleus
prokaryotes
prokaryotes are mainly…
bacteria and blue-green algae
DNA stands for
dexoxyribonucleic acid
organelles are held in the…
cytoplasm
a group of organisms whose cells have defined a nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane
eukaryotes
what are the 3 major components of eukaryotic cells
cell membrane
nucleolus
cytoplasm
which component of the eukaryotic cells that regulates the transport materials in and out of the cell
cell membrane
which is the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
nucleolus
which has a deep staining basophilic area
and
composed of granules, fibrils, chromatin
nucleolus
what is a semi fluid, colloidal solution in which that chromatin materials and the nucleolus are suspended
nucleoplasm
what is like a gel like subs enclosed within the cell membrane
cytoplasm
how many percent do cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells has and are usually in what color
70-90 percent
usually colorless
what are the 3 endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor
“cell eating “
engulfs insoluble extracellular subs
phagocytosis
“cell drinking”
engulfs small amount of intracellular fluids
pinocytosis
mediated endoctytosis
receptor
what controls the cellular activity by regulating RNA synthesis, which regulated the proteins synthesis
nucleus
which type of chromatin is “dispersed” and “condensed”
euchromatin - dispersed
heterochromatin - condensed
what has a double membrane that maintains a separate milieu between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
what are the 3 parts of nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
protein gatekeepers
what are the 3 group of structures
organelles
cytoplasmic inclusion
cytoskeleton
made of coiled dna which is bound to basic proteins called
histones
what is barr body
it inactivated X-chromosomes in the nucleic of female acids
in nucleolus of the eukaryotic cells, it is a semi fluid, colloidal solution in which the chromatin materials and the nucleolus are suspended
nucleoplasm
name some membrane bound organelles
nucleus
gogli apparatus
RER
SER
mitrochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
secretory vesicles
chloroplast (in plants)
vacuole (inplant)
name some non membrane bound organelles
ribosomes
microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments
junctions
centrosomes
cytoplasmic inclusions includes…
secretory inclusions
nutritive inclusions
pigment granule
what is the structures that are generally more transient than organelles and less actively involved in cell metabolism
cytoplasmic inclusions
cytoskeleton provides the…
structural stability for the maintenance of cell shape
do proteins in RER modified as they move through RER
yes
is SER a continuous of RER
yes
in muscle cells, the SER assist in the..
control of muscle contractions
in liver the SER..
detoxify meds and alcohol
meiosis contributes to the..
genetic variety
mitosis is for…
growth and
repair of damage
meiosis dont make…
but they make…
body cells
sperm cells and eggs
what should happen first before meiosis
interphase
in meiosis, they are not identical to the.. and…
the original
and identical to each other
in mitosis, to make more cells,
the dna condenses into
chromosomes
chromosomes are made out of
proteins and dna
in a nuclei, how many chromosomes are there
46
do mitosis or meiosis have to duplicate genetic material before splitting
mitosis
what are centromes
it is part of chromosomes
where sister chromatids are held tgt
chromatids are strands of…
replicated chromosomes
what occurs in prophase
chromatin becomes strong and thick
what occurs in metaphase
nucleus has disassembled the chromosomes in the middle
what occurs in anaphase
chromosomes moves away
moving to opp. sides of the cells
what helps the chromosomes moves to the end/ separate them from e/o
spindles
what are spindles
they help chromosomes move away from each other in anaphase
spindles are..
fibers
what phase is called when new nucleic forming on each side , forming new cells
telophase
what are cytokinesis in telophase
it is for final seperation into 2 cells by splitting the cytoplasm
