Tissues Flashcards
List the 4 types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
Describe the function of epithelial tissues
They cover and line tissues
What is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy?
Gross anatomy is the study of structures in the body that are visible to the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy is the study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body as seen with a microscope
List the more specialized functions of epithelial tissues
Filters biochemical substances
Absorbs nutrients
Provides sensory input
Manufactures secretions
Manufactures excretions
True or false, epithelial cells have a direct blood supply?
False
List the major types of cellular junctions
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions & basement membrane.
What do desmosomes do?
They provide a strong mechanical couple between the plasma membrane of cells.
Describe the role of gap junctions
They allow the passage of ions, nutrients and electrical signals between cells.
What structures links epithelial cells to the basement membrane?
Hemidesmosomes
List 3 of the 7 functions of connective tissue
Metabolic and structural connections between other tissues
Protective sheath around organs
Insulation for the body
Reserve for energy
Framework to support the body
Medium for transporting substances from one region of the body to another
Role in the healing process and in control of invading microorganisms
List the characteristics of connective tissue
It is vascular, contains an extracellular matrix of ground substance and extracellular fibres and contains cells, both fixed and wandering.
List the 2 types of cells in connective tissues and give an example of each type of cell.
Fixed cells - fibroblasts, adipocytes and reticular cells
Wandering Cells - mast cells, leukocytes and macrophages
List the types of loose and dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue -
areolar tissue
adipose tissue
reticular tissue
dense connective tissue -
dense regular tissue
dense irregular tissue
elastic tissue
Describe the function of areolar connective tissue
It surrounds, supports and nourishes organs and delicate tissues
What structures in the body always contain areolar connective tissue?
Mucous membranes
What is the main cell in fatty (adipose) tissue?
Adipocytes (fat cells)
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
It functions as an energy storehouse, a thermal insulator, a mechanical shock absorber and a generator of heat in newborns and hibernating animals
What is the function of reticular connective tissue?
It provides a 3-D structural network for organs such as the spleen and liver.
What is the main substance in dense fibrous connective tissue?
densely packed collagen fibers
What parts of the body are made up of dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments and fascia.
Give examples of parts of the body that are made up of dense Irregular connective Tissue.
The dermis and joint capsules
When describing epithelium what does stratified mean?
Multiple layers of cells
What are the purposes of stratified squamous epithelium?
To protect underlying tissues from mechanical and chemical stresses
What is the most common location for stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Along the ducts of excretory glands such as salivary or mammary glands
What organ is lined with transitional epithelium?
The bladder
What characteristics of transitional epithelium are essential to its function?
It can stretch without leaking
What is the role of pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract?
It is a protective lining but also produces mucus that catches particles in inhaled air and transports it out of the respiratory tract.
Where do exocrine glands secrete?
To body surfaces
Where do endocrine glands secrete?
Into the blood stream or the lymphatic system.
List 3 important glands in the body
Mammary glands, sweat glands, the pancreas, anal glands (musk), salivary glands.
Describe an alveolar gland
A rounded sac at the end of a duct
In which type of gland does the entire secretory cell end up in the secretion.
Holocrine gland
Give an example of an apocrine gland
Mammary gland
What are the 3 different types of specialized connective tissue?
Cartilage and Blood and Bone
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic & Fibrocartilage
What are the defining characteristics of the 3 types of cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage is composed of closely packed collagen fibers and is enclosed within a perichondrium
Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibres in addition to collagen fibres
Fibrocartilage is a combination of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue. It contains numerous collagen fibres like hyaline cartilage but has fewer chondrocytes and no perichondrium
What are the 2 main components of bone and what characteristics do they bring to bone?
Collagen - strength and flexibility
Inorganic calcium salts - strength and rigidity
What are the basic components of blood?
Plasma. This is a liquid and is equivalent to the connective tissue matrix and contains proteins that are equivalent to the fibrous portion of the connective tissue.
The cellular component of blood which is made up of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets).
What are the 4 types of membranes?
Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous and synovial.
Why are mucous, serous and synovial membranes so named?
They are named based upon the type of fluid that they secrete eg
Mucous membranes secrete mucous, serous membranes secrete serous fluid and synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid.
What is the function of mucous membranes?
They line and protect organs that are exposed to the outside environment
Where are serosal membranes found?
They are found lining the surface of internal organs and the cavities that they occupy
What are the functions of serous membranes?
They allow internal organs to move freely without friction within their body cavities.
In the case of the abdomen serous membranes attach the organs to the body wall and provide a framework for the passage of blood vessels and nerves
What is another name for the cutaneous membrane?
The skin
What main factor differentiates synovial membranes from the other 3 membranes?
Synovial membranes have no epithelium
What are synovial membranes made up of?
They are made up of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts.
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
True or false. Smooth muscles are under conscious control?
False. Smooth muscles are involuntary
What do skeletal muscles do?
They control bones either bringing about movement or maintaining posture
What are the functions of smooth muscle?
It provides involuntary movement in structures such as the stomach and intestines, the bladder, blood vessels and uterus. The movement of ingesta in the intestine by peristalsis would be an example of this kind of movement.
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
the coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle cells allows the heart to pump blood through the circulatory system.
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
To transmit information in the form of electrical signals around the body.
What is the name of the cells that work in support of the neurons
Neuroglial cells
What are the names of the 2 types of processes that extend from the cell body of a neuron?
Axons and dendrites
