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VT Anatomy and Physiology > The skeletal system > Flashcards

The skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support
Protection - of delicate structures such as the brain
Leverage - with the help of muscles thay allow movement
Storage - of calcium
Production - of red and white blood cells

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Compact and cancellous

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3
Q

Describe the features of compact bone

A

Compact bone - the bone that makes up the outside of all bones. It is heavy, dense and strong consisting of layers of compacted cylinders of bone

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4
Q

Describe the features of cancellous bone

A

It is the bone that makes up the center of bones. It is light and spongy consisting of seeming random spicules of bone.

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5
Q

What is a Haversian system?

A

A subunit of compact bone consisting of concentric layers of ossified matrix around a central canal containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

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6
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Osteoblasts are the cells that form bone. They secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it.

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7
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Osteocytes is the names for osteoblasts once they have been surrounded by ossified matrix. They can revert to osteoblasts if necessary.

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8
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Osteoclasts are cells that can remove bone when bone is remodeling. They also allow the body to remove calcium from bones if needed in response to hormonal messages.

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9
Q

What is the name of the process that allows long bones to grow and lengthen?

A

Endochondral bone formation (ossification)

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10
Q

When bones grow what substance acts as a template for the bone?

A

Cartilage

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11
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Long, short, flat and irregular

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12
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

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13
Q

When bones contact each other in joints what covers them?

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

What would a veterinary technician use knowledge of bone features for in their daily work

A

As landmarks for skills such as restraint, radiology and injections.

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15
Q

What is a foramen?

A

It is a hole in a bone through which something important passes.

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16
Q

What is a fossa

A

Depressed or sunken area on surface of bone

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17
Q

What do you call the projections on bones where tendons attach?

A

Bone processes

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18
Q

What do you call a hole in the bone through which a nerve or a blood vessel passes.

A

A foramen

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19
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs and sternum

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20
Q

List the 5 regions of the vertebral column

A

The cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, the sacral spine and the coccygeal spine

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21
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the neck?

A

Cervical

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22
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the thorax?

A

Thoracic

23
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the abdomen?

A

Lumbar

24
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the pelvis?

A

Sacral

25
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the tail?

A

Coccygeal

26
Q

What are the three kinds of processes on a vertebra?

A

Spinal, transverse and articular.

27
Q

What do the spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae do?

A

These act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk.

28
Q

What do the articular processes of vertebrae do?

A

They form the joints between adjacent vertebrae.

29
Q

Where structure in a vertebra is occupied by the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral foramen.

30
Q

What is the manubrium and what is the xiphoid?

A

Manubrium - the cranial end of the sternum
Xiphoid - the caudal end of the sternum

31
Q

What are the bones of the thoracic limb?

A

scapula
humerus
ulna
radius
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
phalanges

32
Q

What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?

A

The scapula

33
Q

What bone makes up the brachium and what bones make up the antebrachium?

A

Brachium - the humerus
Antebrachium - the radius and ulna

34
Q

What is the location of the carpus?

A

It is located between the radius and ulna and the metacarpal bones.

35
Q

Describe the main differences between the metcarpals in dogs/cats, horses and cattle.

A

Dogs and cats have 4-5 metacarpal bones. Horses have 3 metacarpal bones with only the middle one bearing weight. Cattle have one metacarpal bone which is made up of fused metacarpals III and IV.

36
Q

What number metacarpal is the dewclaw in a dog or cat?

A

One (I)

37
Q

What are the anatomical names of the splint bones and the cannon bone in the horse?

A

Splint bones - metacarpal II and IV
Cannon bone - metacarpal III

38
Q

In a cat and a dog what is a digit?

A

It is a toe which consists of 3 phalangeal bones

39
Q

In a cat and a dog what is a phalanx or phalangeal bone?

A

It is one of the three bones in each digit

40
Q

What are the scientific terms for the
long pastern bone

short pastern bone

coffin bone

A

pastern bone - proximal phalanx

short pastern bone - middle phalanx

coffin bone- distal phalanx

41
Q

What are the bones of the pelvic limb?

A

Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges

42
Q

What are the 3 bones of the pelvis

A

Ilium, Ischium and Pubis

43
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

Bones located where tendons change direction

44
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the animal body?

A

The patella

45
Q

Which bone is bigger, the tibia or the fibula?

A

The tibia

46
Q

What number digit is the outer toe on a dog or a cat?

A

5 / V

47
Q

What is the only visceral bone in the dog?

A

The os penis

48
Q

What is the prefix that is used in words pertaining to joints?

A

Arthro

49
Q

Which of the 3 types of joints is the least moveable? Which is the most moveable?

A

Least - fibrous joint
Most - synovial joint

50
Q

What are the main joints of the thoracic limb?

A

Shoulder, elbow, carpus

51
Q

What are the main joints of the Pelvic limb?

A

Hip (coxofemoral), stifle(knee), tarsus

52
Q

What kind of synovial joint is the carpus and what type of movement is it capable of?

A

It is a gliding or arthrodial joint and is capable of flexion and extension.

53
Q

What kind of synovial joint is the hip joint and what types of movement is it capable of?

A

It is a ball and socket (spheroidal) joint and is capable of flexion​, extension​, adduction,
abduction​, rotation​ & circumduction​

VT Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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