The skeletal system Flashcards
What are the functions of bones?
Support
Protection - of delicate structures such as the brain
Leverage - with the help of muscles thay allow movement
Storage - of calcium
Production - of red and white blood cells
What are the 2 types of bone?
Compact and cancellous
Describe the features of compact bone
Compact bone - the bone that makes up the outside of all bones. It is heavy, dense and strong consisting of layers of compacted cylinders of bone
Describe the features of cancellous bone
It is the bone that makes up the center of bones. It is light and spongy consisting of seeming random spicules of bone.
What is a Haversian system?
A subunit of compact bone consisting of concentric layers of ossified matrix around a central canal containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
What is an osteoblast?
Osteoblasts are the cells that form bone. They secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it.
What is an osteocyte?
Osteocytes is the names for osteoblasts once they have been surrounded by ossified matrix. They can revert to osteoblasts if necessary.
What is an osteoclast?
Osteoclasts are cells that can remove bone when bone is remodeling. They also allow the body to remove calcium from bones if needed in response to hormonal messages.
What is the name of the process that allows long bones to grow and lengthen?
Endochondral bone formation (ossification)
When bones grow what substance acts as a template for the bone?
Cartilage
What are the 4 bone shapes?
Long, short, flat and irregular
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
When bones contact each other in joints what covers them?
Cartilage
What would a veterinary technician use knowledge of bone features for in their daily work
As landmarks for skills such as restraint, radiology and injections.
What is a foramen?
It is a hole in a bone through which something important passes.
What is a fossa
Depressed or sunken area on surface of bone
What do you call the projections on bones where tendons attach?
Bone processes
What do you call a hole in the bone through which a nerve or a blood vessel passes.
A foramen
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs and sternum
List the 5 regions of the vertebral column
The cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, the sacral spine and the coccygeal spine
What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the neck?
Cervical
What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the thorax?
Thoracic
What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the abdomen?
Lumbar
What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the pelvis?
Sacral
What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the tail?
Coccygeal
What are the three kinds of processes on a vertebra?
Spinal, transverse and articular.
What do the spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae do?
These act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk.
What do the articular processes of vertebrae do?
They form the joints between adjacent vertebrae.
Where structure in a vertebra is occupied by the spinal cord?
The vertebral foramen.
What is the manubrium and what is the xiphoid?
Manubrium - the cranial end of the sternum
Xiphoid - the caudal end of the sternum
What are the bones of the thoracic limb?
scapula
humerus
ulna
radius
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
phalanges
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?
The scapula
What bone makes up the brachium and what bones make up the antebrachium?
Brachium - the humerus
Antebrachium - the radius and ulna
What is the location of the carpus?
It is located between the radius and ulna and the metacarpal bones.
Describe the main differences between the metcarpals in dogs/cats, horses and cattle.
Dogs and cats have 4-5 metacarpal bones. Horses have 3 metacarpal bones with only the middle one bearing weight. Cattle have one metacarpal bone which is made up of fused metacarpals III and IV.
What number metacarpal is the dewclaw in a dog or cat?
One (I)
What are the anatomical names of the splint bones and the cannon bone in the horse?
Splint bones - metacarpal II and IV
Cannon bone - metacarpal III
In a cat and a dog what is a digit?
It is a toe which consists of 3 phalangeal bones
In a cat and a dog what is a phalanx or phalangeal bone?
It is one of the three bones in each digit
What are the scientific terms for the
long pastern bone
short pastern bone
coffin bone
pastern bone - proximal phalanx
short pastern bone - middle phalanx
coffin bone- distal phalanx
What are the bones of the pelvic limb?
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
What are the 3 bones of the pelvis
Ilium, Ischium and Pubis
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
Bones located where tendons change direction
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the animal body?
The patella
Which bone is bigger, the tibia or the fibula?
The tibia
What number digit is the outer toe on a dog or a cat?
5 / V
What is the only visceral bone in the dog?
The os penis
What is the prefix that is used in words pertaining to joints?
Arthro
Which of the 3 types of joints is the least moveable? Which is the most moveable?
Least - fibrous joint
Most - synovial joint
What are the main joints of the thoracic limb?
Shoulder, elbow, carpus
What are the main joints of the Pelvic limb?
Hip (coxofemoral), stifle(knee), tarsus
What kind of synovial joint is the carpus and what type of movement is it capable of?
It is a gliding or arthrodial joint and is capable of flexion and extension.
What kind of synovial joint is the hip joint and what types of movement is it capable of?
It is a ball and socket (spheroidal) joint and is capable of flexion, extension, adduction,
abduction, rotation & circumduction
