tissues

Question 1

cells

Answer 1

Smallest functional unit of an organism (when grouped together create tissues).​

Question 2

tissues

Answer 2

Ensemble/collection of similar cells carrying out specific functions (when grouped together create organs).​

Question 3

organ

Answer 3

Group of tissues with specific functions (i.e. liver, stomach, brain, etc).​

Question 4

organ system

Answer 4

Collection of different organs that work together to do specific roles (i.e. digestive, circulatory, respiratory, etc). ​

Question 5

epithelial tissues

Answer 5

Lining, protection, transport, secretion and absorption

Question 6

muscle tissue

Answer 6

movement it contains cells which have the ability to shorten and contract muscle fibres

Question 7

nervous tissue

Answer 7

Information, communication and control​

Question 8

endothelium

Answer 8

The epithelium lining the inside of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels

Question 9

Epithelial tissue can be classified

Answer 9

depending on how many layers of cells it consists of and the shape of the cells

Question 10

simple epithelium

Answer 10

a single layer of cells. it is found lining the blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, and lines the body cavities, and allows easy passage of materials by diffusion. ​

Question 11

stratified epithelium.

Answer 11

When several layers of cells are present it is. The thicker the layer the greater the protection of the underlying structures. ​

Question 12

pseudostratified epithelium.​

Answer 12

It is a single layer of cells, however, the nuclei are organised in a way that makes them appear as stratified epithelium.​

Question 13

shapes of epithelium cell

Answer 13

Squamous cells: flattened in shape​

Cuboidal cells: square or cubed in shape​

Columnar cells: column shaped​

Question 14

summary of epithelial tissue

Answer 14

Epithelial tissue is supported by a basement. The basement membrane consists of a network of blood vessels, providing oxygen and nutrients to the cell and also allowing for absorption. Secretory epithelia are specialised to secrete substances such as proteins, for example, goblet cells and glandular cells.
Epithelial cells can be covered in small hair-like projections, called cilia. For example, ciliated epithelia in the upper respiratory tract helps to move dust and mucus.

Question 15

epithelial tissue type simple cuboidal

Answer 15

lines the kidney tubules. it allows the diffusion and secretion of molecules

Question 16

epithelial tissue type stratified squamous

Answer 16

This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. found on the outer layer of your skin

Question 17

epithelial tissue type pseudostratified columnar

Answer 17

lines the trachea. it allows impurities to be swept toward the throat due to the secretion

Question 18

three different muscle tissues

Answer 18

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

Question 19

smooth muscle

Answer 19

is located in the walls of hollow internal structures like the intestines and bladder to help urine get out of the body. it has 1 nucleus in the middle of the cell.

Question 20

pupillary sphincter muscle

Answer 20

is located in the eye. it is a smooth muscle that shrinks with lots of light and expands for small amount of light

Question 21

skeletal muscle

Answer 21

attached to the bone via tendons, several nuclei a large number of mitochondria. it is important for holding your bones together and preventing your joints from dislocating

Question 22

cardiac muscle

Answer 22

makes up the heart. branching structure. 1 nucleus. never gets tire

Question 23

the sliding filament theory

Answer 23

1)The message arrives at the neuromuscular (where the neuroses and muscles meet) junction

2) acetylcholine(lining of a bundle of fibres) gets released

3)this stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum

4) calcium is released and binds to troponin

5)so the tropomyosin changes shape so it can reveal the binding sites

6)the myosin head attaches to the binding site and attaches from a cross bright

7) ATP gets broken down into ADP

8)this allows the myosin’s head to pull the acting filament inwards this is called a power stroke. after this, the myosin lets go in the muscle.

Question 24

slow twitch and fast twitch fibers

Answer 24

Slow-twitch muscle fibers support long distance endurance activities like marathon running, while fast-twitch muscle fibers support quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Question 25

aerobic respiration

Answer 25

Is there a release of energy from the breakdown of glucose by combining with oxygen anaerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria of cells ag is used by animals to enable the muscle to contract and allow movement

Question 26

anaerobic respiration

Answer 26

anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen it is a short-term energy production method that animals use when they cannot exchange enough oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration and happens in the side pleasant the cell it leaves are poisonous chemical lactic acid in muscle discount stop muscle from working well and cause pain

Question 27

how do nervous tissue work

Answer 27

The sensory neurones of the PNS receives stimuli from the internal/external environment​

This information is transmitted to the CNS via sensory (afferent) neurones​

The CNS (brain) processes the information and sends out a signal​

This signal is transmitted to the muscle/organ via motor (efferent) neurones to execute an appropriate response​

Question 28

Sensory/Afferent Neuron

Answer 28

Receive sensory stimuli and send messages from PNS to CNS about the environment​

Question 29

Motor/Efferent Neuron​

Answer 29

Cause a response (muscle contraction, etc.) in reaction to the environment​

Question 30

Interneuron/Relay​

Answer 30

Situated in the spinal cord and receive impulse from afferent neurones and pass it to efferent neurones​

Question 31

Neuroglia Cells​

Answer 31

Provide protection and support to nervous tissue. They are in direct contact with neurons and often surround them.​

Question 32

Neurons​

Answer 32

Specialised cells that conduct information (electrical impulses)​

glial cells provide production and support to nervous tissue. these cells are in direct contact with neurons and often surrounds them

Question 33

Structure of a nerves
​

Answer 33

Dendrite – short fibres that branch out to receive information from other neurons or sensory organs​

Cell body – contains a nucleus and acts as a control centre​

Axon – Long slim trunk that conveys messages away from the cell to other neurons or to muscle/gland cells. ​

Myelin sheath – provides electrical insulation, made up of 20-30 layers of Schwann cell membrane ​

Node of Ranvier – uncovered segments of axon, allowing ion movements to take place​

Synapse - site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). ​

​

Question 34

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM​

Answer 34

ASTROCYTES​
Provide support and exchange of materials between neurons and capillaries. ​

MICROGLIAL CELLS​
Provide immune defence against invading microorganisms in CNS. ​

EPENDYMAL CELLS​
Create, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. ​

OLIGODENDROCYTES​
Wrap around neurons in CNS creating myelin sheath. ​

Question 35

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
glial cells

Answer 35

SATELLITE CELLS​
Surround and support cell bodies​

SCHWANN CELLS​
Produce an insulating barrier called the myelin sheath by wrapping around axons. ​

Question 36

How do messages pass from one neurone to another?​

Answer 36

At the end of the axon there are multiple synapses ​

Between neurones there is a gap known as the synaptic cleft. ​

Question 37

resting potential

Answer 37

at rest, inside a neuron, there is a negative charge compared to outside. This is caused by the distribution of Na+ and k+ ions which are regulated by the sodium-potassium pump.
the difference between the charges inside and outside the neuron gives the membrane a potential voltage of around - 70mv

Question 38

action potential

Answer 38

when information gets sent through a neuron. during an action potential, there is a movement of ions across the membrane, initiating a nerve impulse

Question 39

2 parts of the central nervous system

Answer 39

brain and spinal cord

Question 40

the nervous system

Answer 40

responding to stimuli can be voluntary the brain is aware of the action - Somatic Nervous System (SNS). involuntary the brain is not in control of it

Question 41

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 41

rest to complete life processes to recharge the body
digestion to get nutrients and energy

Question 42

degenerative myelopathy

Answer 42

is a disease that affects the spinal cord of older dogs, it gets worse over time
symptoms wobble as loss of coordination, and nerves damage
treatment - non

Question 43

listeriosis

Answer 43

a bacterial infection causing swelling of the brain, and blood poisoning
symptoms collapse and involuntary movements
if untreated the consequence can be death

Question 44

seizures

Answer 44

causes - brain injury, organ failure, and infection
symptoms - shaking, restlessness, nervous,
loss of consciousness and hallucinate

Question 45

simple squamous

Answer 45

location alveoli
it allows substances to diffuse across

Question 46

simple columnar

Answer 46

location lines the small intestine. it allows for nutrients to be absorbed