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animal care > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Prostate Gland

A

helps in sperm transportation

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2
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Tubes which carry sperm away from the testes to the penis

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3
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores and matures sperm ready for fertilisation, found on/next to the testes

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4
Q

Testes

A

Produces spermatozoa (sperm) and secretes hormone testosterone

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5
Q

Urethra

A

Dual function tube found within the penis - Carries sperm and fluid to the penis tip during ejaculation and carries urine during urination

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6
Q

Bulbus Glandis

A

Enlarges during mating to provide a lock and hence more stability

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7
Q

penis

A

is to convey sperm and fluids from the testis into the female reproductive tract

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8
Q

Os Penis

A

A bone of variable size, located in the penis of many animals. It is particularly prevalent in a dog and helps to keep the penis rigid and stable during the mating process

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9
Q

Ovary

A

Produces ova or eggs ready for fertilisation by the sperm of the male. Secretes the hormones oestrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

Oviduct

A

Collect ova (eggs) as they are released from the ovary and transport from ovaries to uterus

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11
Q

Uterus

A

Provides a place where embryos can develop. Provides means for embryo to receive nutrients (placenta)

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12
Q

Cervix

A

Short thick-walled muscular sphincter that connects the uterine body with the vagina. Blocked by a plug during pregnancy

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13
Q

Vagina

A

Serves as passage for offspring during parturition. Receives penis during intercourse.

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14
Q

Vulva

A

External genitalia that visibly swells when in oestrus (on heat)

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15
Q

Placenta

A

Provides a vital link between a foetus and mother, providing all necessary nutrients

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16
Q

Spermatogenesis & sperm production

A

The process of producing sperm with half the number of chromosomes (haploid) cells.

At fertilisation, when the nuclei of the two gametes fuse the normal (diploid) number of chromosomes is restored

Each pair of chromosomes contain one which originates from each gamete

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17
Q

sperm production

A

The cells lining the tubules in the testes produce sperm

Sperm production is a continuous process, commencing at the time of puberty

Between the seminiferous tubules lies the interstitial tissue which contains fibrous tissue and interstitial cells (these produce testosterone)

Sperm are small cells, which have a head, body and tail

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18
Q

Development of Testes & Sperm Production

A

In the embryo the testes develop within the abdomen, close to the kidneys.

During the latter stages of development they migrate across the abdominal cavity

Sperm formation begins at puberty and is influenced by many factors including temperature, increasing temperature inhibits sperm production

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19
Q

Oogenesis

A

eggs being made this begins in the ovaries before birth whilst foetuses are developing
Human females eggs full develop approx. every 30 days, from puberty to menopause
All these eggs develop from germ cells

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20
Q

FSH female

A

Follicle stimulating hormones: Stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. Made in Pituitary gland.

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21
Q

LH female

A

helps to control the menstrual cycle and triggers release of an egg from the ovary. Made in the Pituitary Gland

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22
Q

Oestrogen female

A

Needed for puberty, the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

23
Q

Testosterone male

A

produced by the testes enables the development of sex organs tissues and secondary sexual characteristics

24
Q

Polyoestrous

A

animals become fertile more than one per year eg cattle, pigs, mice.

25
Q

Seasonally polyoestrous

A

animals have more than one oestrous cycle, but only during certain periods of the year. eg horses, sheep, goats, deer.

26
Q

Monooestrus

A

have one oestrous cycle every year. eg dogs, wolves, foxes, bears.

27
Q

Gestation

A

Period of development between conception and birth

28
Q

Parturition

A

The process of giving birth.

29
Q

Lactation

A

Production of milk from mothers mammary system for offspring to feed from.

30
Q

gamete

A

male=sperm - the production of this is called spermatogenesis
female=ovum - the production of this is called oogenesis
they are controlled by the hormones LH and FSH
This whole process is called gametogenesis

31
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

stimulates the production of LH and FSH

32
Q

progesterone

A

uterus ready for fertilised eggs

33
Q

oxytocin

A

enables lactation to happen

34
Q

Proestrus

A

Non-fertile. Oestrogen levels peak. Follicles develop in the ovary. Vulval bleeding and lining swelling. Behavioural changes.
this happens over 6 - 11 days

35
Q

Oestru

A

Ovulation. Fertile phase. Oestrogen decreases and progesterone increases after ovulation
this happen over 1 - 20 days

36
Q

Metoestrus

A

Thickening of uterus lining in preparation for implantation of fertilised ovum
this happens over 70 days

37
Q

Dioestrus

A

Lots of progesterone produced by the mature
Discharge gradually stops
Behaviour returns to normal. Will no longer allow mating or be attractive to males.
this happens over 70 days

38
Q

egg - shell

A

this is made of calcium carbonate and is hard to protect the developing chick. It’s semi-permeable which allows for gas exchange. it also stops unwanted substances like toxins from entering the shell.

39
Q

egg - air cells

A

this is a gap located between the shell membrane

40
Q

egg - shell membrane

A

these are made up of proteins and lie between the eggshell and albumen. they are an effective defence against invading bacteria

41
Q

egg - albumen

A

This is also known as the egg white and contains a variety of different proteins

42
Q

egg - chalaza

A

This is the spiral strand that holds the yolk in the egg white. there are two of these and together they are known as chalaza

43
Q

egg - yolk

A

this is the yellow part of the egg. the yolk will provide food and nutrition as the embryo forms

composition of an egg yolk
water 48%
protein 17.5%
fat 32.5%
carbohydrate 1.0%
other compounds 1.0%

44
Q

temperature for eggs

A

optimum temperatures for egg laying are around 11 - 26c. below and above this, the rate and quality of egg production decreases

45
Q

turning the eggs

A

stops the developing embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell. this occurs at least three times a day. when a hen nest turns the egg them self’s 3 times a day but 3 days before hatching this can be an incubator either by mechanical turns or physical turns.

46
Q

incubation period
pt = prime temperature

A

chickens 21 days (pt - 37.5)
pheasants 24 - 26days (pt - 37.5)
ducks 28 days (pt - 37.5)
goose 28 - 33 days (pt - 37.5)
turkey 28 days (pt - 37.5)
ostrich 42 days (pt - 36.4)

47
Q

egg candling

A

after about 10 days the egg must be checked a light source be used to see through the shell check for:
a network of blood vessels - viable egg
a circle of blood vessels - dead chick
nothing visible - no fertilisation

48
Q

Cloaca

A

where the egg and waste products (digestive and urinary) pass out

49
Q

Polygamy

A

a pattern of mating in which an animal has more than one mate.

Polyandry -a pattern of mating in which a female animal has more than one male mate.

Polygyny -a pattern of mating in which a male animal has more than one female mate.

50
Q

Monogamy

A

the habit of having only one mate at a time

51
Q

Leks

A

an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays, lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners to mate with.

52
Q

oviparous

A

lay eggs

53
Q

viviparous

A

live birth

54
Q

oviviparious

A

a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos that develop inside eggs remain in the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch.

animal care (13 decks)

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