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animal care > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Multicellular

A

many cells

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2
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of a single cell

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

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4
Q

Eukaryote

A

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

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5
Q

jobs of cells

A

make energy, make proteins, make more cells

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6
Q

Glucose + Oxygen

A

carbon dioxide + water + energy

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7
Q

nucleus

A

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes which move out of pores in the nuclear envelope and latch onto the outside of rough endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

the site of respiration using oxygen
location - muscles, liver, brain cells

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of two subunits which join together to manufacture proteins

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11
Q

rER

A

contains many ribosomes and is important in the formation and storage of protein

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

works together with the rER and is important in storing and packaging molecules such as protein and lipids ready for transport

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13
Q

Lysosomes

A

contains enzymes whose main role is to digest waste

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14
Q

cilia/flagellum

A

short hairs like structure that move liquid past the cell surface and help the cell to move

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

is a flexible, fibrous structure consisting of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. the structure provides a secure scaffolding for the organelles and provides support for whole cells

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

two hollow cylinders arranged at the right angle of each other they are important in spindle formation during cell diffusion

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17
Q

peroxisome

A

mall vessels containing oxygenated enzymes. helped remove toxic substances

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18
Q

plasma memebrane

A

surrounds every cell is sometimes referred to as the cell surface membrane. it controls the passage of substances in and out of the cells.

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19
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

is made up of proteins and phospholipids, cholesterol, lipids and carbohydrates

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20
Q

Phospholipids

A

is a special type of lipid molecule they have two distinct regions a hydrophilic ‘head’ that is attracted to water, and at the end a fatty acid hydrophobic tail that repels water. they provide the structure of the cell surface membrane

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21
Q

cholesterol molecules

A

help to stabilise the membrane and regulate the fluidity so it does not become too rigid or too fluid

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22
Q

Glycolipids

A

molecules project out into the solution surrounding the cell and help to stabilise the membrane. they act as receptor molecules

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23
Q

Glycoproteins

A

identify the cell type

24
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside the cell

25
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the fluid inside the cell that supports the cell by proving oxygen and nutrients and it is the recipient for waste products from the cell

26
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

it doesn’t require energy the random movement of molecules bumping into each other makes enough energy for them to move. the rate of this depends on the concentration on both sides of the cell.

27
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

some molecules will not easily pass through the cell membrane by diffusion these molecules cross the membrane by passing through channels created by proteins in the membrane

28
Q

Osmosis

A

is the movement of water molecules across a permeable membrane from a region where they occur at a high concentration

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

the cell inflates and eventually bursts. water is transported into the cell. solute concentration inside the cell is higher

30
Q

hypertonic

A

the cells shrink water is transported out from the cell solute concentration inside the cell is lower

31
Q

active transport

A

the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

32
Q

cytosis

A

movement of molecules into and out of the cell with vesicles

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement of substances into the cell

34
Q

Exocytosis

A

movement of substances out of the cells

35
Q

DNA was described by

A

Watson and Crick in 1953

36
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

37
Q

Mitosis

A

is the process of cell division seen in all nucleated eukaryotic cells. it occurs during normal development, growth, and healing. it also produces two daughter cells that are identical to each other and to the parent cell.

the daughter cell have the same amount of chromosomes

38
Q

function of mitosis

A

repair and replacement of tissues this occurs rapidly in certain tissues for example the skin where cells are constantly dying and being replaced

39
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis. two daughter cells are produced from one single parent. the offspring produced are identical to the parent cell.

40
Q

the stages of mitosis are

idiot please make another two cells

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

41
Q

Interphase (Mitosis)

A

Before mitosis, the cell must get prepared to divide and get ready to produce an identical sister cell.​

During interphase the cell increases in mass and size, producing new proteins, cytoplasm, and organelles and replicating its DNA to produce a duplicate set of chromosomes, all whilst still carrying out normal cellular activities.

As the cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes become denser, thicker, and more visible.

42
Q

Prophase (mitosis)

A

The chromosomes coil and condense, appearing as separate strands. ​

During prophase, the old and new chromosomes are joined at a point in the centre known as the centromere. ​​

The two joined chromosomes are known as chromatids and are identical to each other. ​

The nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear and the centrioles begin moving to the opposite ends (poles) of the nucleus.

43
Q

Metaphase (mitosis)

A

The paired chromatids arrange themselves along the equator of the cell.​​

Microtubule spindles, formed by the centrioles, attach to the centromere. ​

44
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

The paired chromatids begin to split apart at the centromere - one of each pair is pulled along the strands of the fibrous spindle tubule towards each pole, centromere first. ​

45
Q

Telophase/Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

A

The cell cytoplasm begins to divide into two and the chromatids move into each cell. ​​

The nuclear membrane reforms around each group of chromatids.​​

The cytoplasm continues to divide until two new identical cells are formed, this process is known as cytokinesis.

46
Q

smooth endoplasmic

A

is the production and storage of lipids

47
Q

fibrous protein

A

supports shape and form

48
Q

microfilament

A

assist with cell movement

49
Q

intermediate filament

A

enables the cell to withstand the mechanical stress that occurs when a cell is stretched

50
Q

microtubules

A

regulates cell growth and movement

51
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid it provides genetics code for amino acids

52
Q

DNA structure

A

DNA has a double helix and 4 bases adenine, thymine/ cytosine, and guanine. a and t c and g
these 4 bases form the double helix. the DNA is formed by nucleotides and it carries genetic information

53
Q

DNA codes for amino acids

A

the codes of amino acids are formed by the bases as they form structures called a triplet. Each triplet is coded for a particular amino acid. the order of the bases code for an amino acid in the polypeptide chain which makes up protein

54
Q

phagocytosis

A

the cell’s plasma membrane surrounds a molecule in the extracellular environment and buds off to form a vacuole that contains the molecule. the molecule is then digested by enzymes

55
Q

pinocytosis

A

is the same as phagocytosis excepts the cell’s plasma membrane surrounds droplets of fluid containing dissolved solutes

animal care (13 decks)

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