genetics

Question 1

different ways of producing offspring

Answer 1

artificial insemination
sperm sexing
embryo transfer
in-vetro fertilisation (IVF)
cloning

Question 2

artificial insemination

Answer 2

sperm collected from a male with desirable traits is used to manually inseminate the female. this enables a male with desirable traits to produce many offspring.

Question 3

sperm sexing

Answer 3

the female and male genes can be separated and used with IVP to get a specific gender of offspring.

Question 4

embryo transfer

Answer 4

this is when you put eggs from one female animal into another so the egg producer can still be used for other things while still producing offspring.

Question 5

in-vetro fertilisation (IVF)

Answer 5

an embryo is created in the lab from sperm and eggs from parents with desirable traits. the embryos are then planted into the mother or another female

Question 6

cloning

Answer 6

this is when an exact copy of an organism is made. DNA is extracted from an adult animal and used to replace the DNA in the fertilized ovum. the embryo is then implanted into the surrogate mother. the offspring will be genetically identical to the adult which the DNA came from. disadvantages to this is that the animal may have disease a lot sooner.

Question 7

dihybrid crosses

Answer 7

homozygous same letters
heterozygous different letters

1-3
1-4
2-3
2-4

f1 is full breed
f2 is cross breed

Question 8

Mendel’s three laws

Answer 8

law of dominance
law of segregation
law independent

Question 9

Law of Dominance

Answer 9

When parents with pure (homozygous), contrasting traits are crossed together, only one form of trait appears in the next generation. The hybrid offsprings will exhibit only the dominant trait in the phenotype.

Question 10

Law of Segregation

Answer 10

The Principle of Segregation describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells. (Meiosis – Crossing over).

Question 11

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 11

State that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.
In other words, alleles on chromosomes and allocated to gametes randomly.

Question 12

Genotype

Answer 12

The alleles that are presented

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

The characteristics that are shown

Question 14

Dominant

Answer 14

The allele that is always expressed

Question 15

Recessive

Answer 15

Need a pair of recessive alleles for it to be expressed

Question 16

Homozygous

Answer 16

Pair of matching alleles

Question 17

Heterozygous

Answer 17

2 different alleles

Question 18

DNA Analysis

Answer 18

is a way of study and understand the genetic material that make up living organism. It involve examining the structure and sequence of DNA to learn more about there traits.

Question 19

Genetic modification

Answer 19

is a specific detail code in an organism DNA that detmine its characters

Question 20

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 20

use to separate DNA

Question 21

Polymerase

Answer 21

coping DNA sequence

Question 22

Recombinant DNA

Answer 22

is DNA that has been artificially made

Question 23

DNA extraction

Answer 23

is when you isolate and remove the DNA from cells or tissues so that it can be study and analysed.

Question 24

longer pieces of DNA are harder to break because

Answer 24

longer pieces of DNA take longer to move through the gel as b9it is more dense so it has more resistance

Question 25

PCR

Answer 25

stand for polymerase chain reaction which means making lots of copies of DNA fragments which which then can be used for genetic isolation.

Question 26

denaturation

Answer 26

double strand of DNA molecules separated into two single strands

Question 27

annealing

Answer 27

bring two strands together

Question 28

DNA synthesis

Answer 28

allows us to determine the order of DNA