breeding and genetics Flashcards
mate recognition system
a specific signal that indicates an animal suitability as a potential mate
4 different mate recognitions
authority - sound
visual
behaviour
olfactory a smell by chemicals know as pheromones
number of offspring
the higher the number of offspring the
better the chance of Survival for at least one however they will
receive less parental care. Resources can also affect offspring
numbers.
extent of care
how much time and effort a species of animals
will put into bringing up their offspring. The less care given to
offspring the less Survival. More care offspring to survive
development of birth
born with the Survival strategy which
means they are more likely to survive.
growth rate
the quicker an animal grows less resources use
up. The quicker a offspring grows the quicker it learns and
becomes more independent.
hardiness
how equipped is it to survive in its natural habits.
sexual
join their genetic information and creat
offspring
asexual
One parents copies it's own gentic material and creat
offspring
binary fission
One parent copies it own genetic material and create
offspring
How it works
1 duplication a single circular chromosome is duplicated
2 cells become longer become longer and prepare to divide
by growing
3 Duplicate the genetic material
4 divides the cell into 2 daughter cells
5 cytokinesis the daughter cell separate each having a set of
genetic materials.
Advantages
Occurs rapidly
Allows bacteria to have a rapid rate of production
Disadvantages
The organisms are all the same so an environmental change
can disrupt the entire species which would cause it to become
extinct.
budding
Budding is an asexual reproduction method in which a new
organism develops from a bud of an existing organism.
How it works The organism cyclism or cell creates a bud. the
bud is attached to the parents body
When the bud has matured it disconnects the from the parents
organism the bird doesn't always disconnect mixed parents in
some species it remains attached forever this occurs in
species such as coral.
Advantages
The rapid production of plants
This is far faster than sexual reproduction allowing a faster
output of offspring
Disadvantages
Due to the new organism having no difference genetically
from the parents organism it is more susceptible to diseases
fragmentation
Tapeworm
How it works
Parts of one segments fall off and become a whole other
organism
Advantages
not having to find a partner
Disadvantages stop diversity
parthenogenesis
Happens in both plants and animals, often mosses and algea
and invertebres such as insect, nematodes and crustaceans
How it happens
apomixis and automixis
In apomixis, egg cell are produced by mitosis. In apomixis,
eggs cells are produced by mitosis.
hermaphroditism
is biological condition in which an organism
poses both male and female reproductive organs this means
that an individual is capable of producing both eggs and
sperm and can potentially sell fertilised or mate with other
hermaphrodites.
The animals that this can be found in worms fish slugs and
some plants
Advantages can reproduce without finding a mate
Disadvantages It can make offspring more susceptible 2
diseases and parasites
claw method
Supports the full body of the animal as well as restraining the animal from above. Good to use if gravid as protects and supports. Can do health check with this method. Can use just one hand if herptile/avian is the right size.
avoid handling
Animals can be sensitive, especially eggs. Supply a container for the herptile/ avian to lay their eggs in, then the container can be removed and placed in an incubator.
scent hands
Before handling young animals, you can handle others of the same species or the offspring’s mother. This will transfer their smell onto the handlers hands. This minimises the smell of humans being transferred onto the offspring. Also helps reduce the stress of the young and parents
phenotype
The phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism
genotype
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material
Selective breeding
is a from of breeding used by humans to breed animals for a specific purpose. There are a variety of methods that can be used to achieve the desired offspring.
natural Breeding
Phenotypes begin to vary over a long period of time. This may enable an animal to better survive. Animals then begin to naturally select mates that have specific traits as the stronger species survive and those traits are more likely to be passed on. These surviving phenotypes are adaptations.
Pedigrees
A pedigree is a record of the phenotypic background of an animal, its siblings, parents, grandparents and previous generations. It is an animal bred from the same species with the same/similar phenotypic traits.
How are pedigrees used in breeding programmes?
Breeders can assess which phenotypic trait will be inherited more easily based on the family line. This animal can then be bred for specific purposes.
Pros
Breeders can potentially breed the animals for a specific reason and earn more profit. They can enhance desired traits by breeding them in and breed less desired traits out.
Cons
Can reduce the genetic diversity of a breed/species. Can reduce resistance to diseases.
Inbreeding Coefficient
Inbreeding is done so desirable traits have higher chances of being passed on to offspring. However, it is recognised as causing many inherited defects to individuals and whole species.
The inbreeding coefficient is a formula used to calculate the probability that 2 genetic alleles are identical due to a common ancestor of two parents.
Defence mechanism
the way an animal has developed to survival
apomictic parthenogenesis,
the female sex cells (oocyte)
replicates by mitosis producing two diploid cells. These cells
have the full complement of chromosome needed to develop
into embryo.
Advantage - numerous offspring
Disadvantages there is a lack of genetic variation
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a physical type of reproduction in
which a male sperm comes into contact with a female eggs
can become fertilised.
How it works it produces an offspring when a male sperm and
a female egg meets. The offspring contains DNA from both
parents.
Advantages: offspring is a variation of both parents genetic
Disadvantages: takes a longer time to produces fewer
offspring, harder for isolated species to interact with others
oestrogen cycle
recurring physiological caused by changing levels of reproductive hormones.
Spontaneous ovulators
Spontaneously ovulating species go through mental cycles they release eggs on a regular basis and are fertile at certain times based on what Parton the cycles they are in.
Induced ovulation
Ovulation does not occur until animal is mated
Female remains in a prolonged state of oestrous if not mated - can cause health issues in some species.
Spontaneous ovulators
Species go through menstrual cycles they release eggs on a regular basis and fertile at certain times based on what part of the cycles they are in.
Monoestrous
refers to a Reproductive pattern in animal where females have only one estrous cycle per breeding season. This means that they come into heat and are Receptive to matching only ones a year.
Dioestrous
refers to a Reproductive pattern in animals where female have two estrous cycle per breeding season.
Polyestrous
refers to a reproductive pattern in animals where females have multiple estrous cycle through the year.
Seasonally polyestrous
refers to a reproductive pattern in animals where female have multiple estrous cycle but only at specific time of the year.
Gonadotropin
releasing hormone produced in the brain they release FSH and LH
Follicle stimulating hormone
helps stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles which contain eggs
Ludeinising hormone
realest the eggs
Oestrogen
a steroids hormones secreted by the developing follicles in the ovary
Progesterone
prepares the uterus for implantation
Oxytocin
milk production
genetic mutations
when an animal adates to live in it environment
Lethal alleles
are gene variants that, when inheritance cause death of an organism before it can reproduce
Incomplete domaince
refers to a gentic inheritance pattern where neither of the two alleles is complete dominant
Co dominance
refers to the set of of all possible vales that outputs a function
Multiple alleles
refers to a set of three or more alternative forms of a gene locus in a chromosome
Epistemic effects
refers to the impact that certain beliefs or knowledge have on individual perception
Sex linked
effects refers to gentic traits or disorders that are linked to the sex chromosome x and y.
Sex influenced effects
refers to gentic traits that are influences by an individual sex
Point mutations
is a type of mutations that involves a change in single nucleotide base within the DNA sequence.
Insertion mutations
a type of mutations where an extra protien to the sequence
Deletion mutations
when the a protein is deltied in the dna sequence and all shuffle up
Duplication mutations
the protein is copies
Contraception
is the prevention of the fusion of gametes during or after sexual activity
purpose to prevent pregnancy
Population control
Controlling the timing/frequency of pregnancy
Managing or changing sexual behaviours
Controlling the level of aggression in males
Avoiding associated mess when females are in heat/season
Prevention of the spread/development of health problems
Pest control
Choosing appropriate contraception
The species of animal and their anatomy
The individual history and health
The main purpose of contraception
The cost and ease of applications
Whether you require a permanent or reversible method
Method of contraception
Tablets - this is done oral and is mainly use on dogs
Vaccine - this is done by hormonal injection and mainly use on wildlife and various animals
Implant this is done device under skin and mainly use poultry, ferrets, dogs
Vasectomy - this is done by A surgical procedure to cut
The 3 stages of parturition
Stage 1 can last 1 -12 hours
Drop in temperature
Milk starts producing
She will be restless
Dilation
Stage 2 when uterine contraception increase and the onset of straining starts. The contraception should not last loner than two hours.
Stage 3 is when the placenta of each is puppy is passed.
Complications mother
70 day still pregnant after due date
Temperature fall
Unsettled
Smelly discharge
The scan show more puppies are due but more than 2 hours since the last offspring birth
Continue straining and nothing coming out
Complications of the offspring
Oversize
Abnormal presentation
Mastitis - Inflammation of the mammary glads. This can be very painful.
Eclampsia is caused by low plasma calcium levels
Placental retention has held on to the presenter Green discharge
Courtship
behaviour animals display prior to mating as a display of strength or temp another individual
Copulation
physical act of mating leading to fertilisation
Conception
fertilisation and pregnancy following successful Copulation
Gestation
is the period of time from fertilisation to parturition
