breeding and genetics Flashcards
mate recognition system
a specific signal that indicates an animal suitability as a potential mate
4 different mate recognitions
authority - sound
visual
behaviour
olfactory a smell by chemicals know as pheromones
number of offspring
the higher the number of offspring the
better the chance of Survival for at least one however they will
receive less parental care. Resources can also affect offspring
numbers.
extent of care
how much time and effort a species of animals
will put into bringing up their offspring. The less care given to
offspring the less Survival. More care offspring to survive
development of birth
born with the Survival strategy which
means they are more likely to survive.
growth rate
the quicker an animal grows less resources use
up. The quicker a offspring grows the quicker it learns and
becomes more independent.
hardiness
how equipped is it to survive in its natural habits.
sexual
join their genetic information and creat
offspring
asexual
One parents copies it's own gentic material and creat
offspring
binary fission
One parent copies it own genetic material and create
offspring
How it works
1 duplication a single circular chromosome is duplicated
2 cells become longer become longer and prepare to divide
by growing
3 Duplicate the genetic material
4 divides the cell into 2 daughter cells
5 cytokinesis the daughter cell separate each having a set of
genetic materials.
Advantages
Occurs rapidly
Allows bacteria to have a rapid rate of production
Disadvantages
The organisms are all the same so an environmental change
can disrupt the entire species which would cause it to become
extinct.
budding
Budding is an asexual reproduction method in which a new
organism develops from a bud of an existing organism.
How it works The organism cyclism or cell creates a bud. the
bud is attached to the parents body
When the bud has matured it disconnects the from the parents
organism the bird doesn't always disconnect mixed parents in
some species it remains attached forever this occurs in
species such as coral.
Advantages
The rapid production of plants
This is far faster than sexual reproduction allowing a faster
output of offspring
Disadvantages
Due to the new organism having no difference genetically
from the parents organism it is more susceptible to diseases
fragmentation
Tapeworm
How it works
Parts of one segments fall off and become a whole other
organism
Advantages
not having to find a partner
Disadvantages stop diversity
parthenogenesis
Happens in both plants and animals, often mosses and algea
and invertebres such as insect, nematodes and crustaceans
How it happens
apomixis and automixis
In apomixis, egg cell are produced by mitosis. In apomixis,
eggs cells are produced by mitosis.
hermaphroditism
is biological condition in which an organism
poses both male and female reproductive organs this means
that an individual is capable of producing both eggs and
sperm and can potentially sell fertilised or mate with other
hermaphrodites.
The animals that this can be found in worms fish slugs and
some plants
Advantages can reproduce without finding a mate
Disadvantages It can make offspring more susceptible 2
diseases and parasites
claw method
Supports the full body of the animal as well as restraining the animal from above. Good to use if gravid as protects and supports. Can do health check with this method. Can use just one hand if herptile/avian is the right size.
avoid handling
Animals can be sensitive, especially eggs. Supply a container for the herptile/ avian to lay their eggs in, then the container can be removed and placed in an incubator.
scent hands
Before handling young animals, you can handle others of the same species or the offspring’s mother. This will transfer their smell onto the handlers hands. This minimises the smell of humans being transferred onto the offspring. Also helps reduce the stress of the young and parents
phenotype
The phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism
genotype
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material
Selective breeding
is a from of breeding used by humans to breed animals for a specific purpose. There are a variety of methods that can be used to achieve the desired offspring.
natural Breeding
Phenotypes begin to vary over a long period of time. This may enable an animal to better survive. Animals then begin to naturally select mates that have specific traits as the stronger species survive and those traits are more likely to be passed on. These surviving phenotypes are adaptations.
Pedigrees
A pedigree is a record of the phenotypic background of an animal, its siblings, parents, grandparents and previous generations. It is an animal bred from the same species with the same/similar phenotypic traits.
How are pedigrees used in breeding programmes?
Breeders can assess which phenotypic trait will be inherited more easily based on the family line. This animal can then be bred for specific purposes.
Pros
Breeders can potentially breed the animals for a specific reason and earn more profit. They can enhance desired traits by breeding them in and breed less desired traits out.
Cons
Can reduce the genetic diversity of a breed/species. Can reduce resistance to diseases.
Inbreeding Coefficient
Inbreeding is done so desirable traits have higher chances of being passed on to offspring. However, it is recognised as causing many inherited defects to individuals and whole species.
The inbreeding coefficient is a formula used to calculate the probability that 2 genetic alleles are identical due to a common ancestor of two parents.
Defence mechanism
the way an animal has developed to survival
