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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of tissue?

A

cells and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers surfaces and lines cavities

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3
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

protection

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4
Q

What can epithelial tissue form?

A

glands

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5
Q

Gland’s function

A

secretion

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • tightly packed cells (little ECM)
  • polar (has distinct opposite sides)
  • avascular
  • extensive innervation (to detect stimuli)
  • high regeneration capacity (rich in stem cells)
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7
Q

What components make up the structure of epithelial tissue?

A

apical surface, lateral surface, basal surface, and basement membrane

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8
Q

Apical surfaces can sometimes carry what?

A

projections

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9
Q

What are the kinds of projection attached to the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

A

microvilli and cilia

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10
Q

Microvilli

A

membrane folds that increase surface area

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11
Q

Cilia

A

hair-like structures for movement

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12
Q

Lateral surface

A

contains intercellular junctions

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13
Q

Basal surface

A

bound to the basement membrane

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14
Q

Basement membrane

A

supportive layer rich in collagen and other fibers

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15
Q

How is epithelial tissue layered from top to bottom?

A
  • apical surface
  • lateral surface
  • basal surface
  • basement membrane
  • connective tissue
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16
Q

Avascular

A

a lack of blood vessels

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17
Q

Extensive innervation

A

abundant in nerves

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18
Q

Stem cells

A

stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.

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19
Q

What does “apical” mean?

A

top

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20
Q

What does “lateral” mean?

A

side

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21
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A

two-part name consisting of:
- number of strata
- cell shape

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22
Q

What does “strata” mean?

A

layer

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23
Q

What are the types of epithelial strata?

A

simple, stratified, and pseudostratified

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24
Q

Simple ET

A
  • one layer
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25
Q

Stratified ET

A
  • more than one layer
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26
Q

Pseudostratified ET

A

fake layered; one layer that looks like more than one

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27
Q

Simple ET function

A

transport

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28
Q

Stratified ET function

A

withstand stress

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29
Q

What are the types of epithelial cell shapes?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional

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30
Q

Transitional

A

changes shape in response to stretching

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31
Q

What type of epithelium is transitional epithelial tissue?

A

stratified

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32
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

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33
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into the blood

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34
Q

Exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete substances on to an epithelial surface by means of a duct

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35
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A

by method of secretion

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36
Q

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

A

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

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37
Q

Merocrine

A

package their secretions into secretory vesicles and release the secretions by exocytosis

38
Q

What are examples of merocrine glands?

A

tear glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.

39
Q

Apocrine glands

A

produces secretion by/when pinching off of the apical surface of the cell

40
Q

What are examples of apocrine glands?

A

mammary glands

41
Q

Holocrine

A

secretion is produced by the destruction of the cell; the disintegrating cells become the secretion

42
Q

What are examples of holocrine glands?

A

oil-producing glands

43
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A

cells (dispersed) and extracellular matrix (a lot)

44
Q

What are two major components of the ECM in connective tissue?

A

ground substance and protein fibers

45
Q

Ground substance

A

holds the connective tissue components

46
Q

What are the types of protein fibers?

A

collagen, reticular and elastic

47
Q

Collagen fibers

A

thick and strong

48
Q

Reticular fibers

A

thin, branching net/networks

49
Q

Elastic fibers

A

thin wavy fibers that stretch and recoil easily

50
Q

Fibroblast CT

A

produce fiber and ground substance of ECM

51
Q

Mesenchymal CT

A

embryonic stem cell that divide to replace damaged cells

52
Q

Fixed macrophages CT

A

ear damaged cells or pathogens (immune cells)

53
Q

Adipocyte CT

A

store fat

54
Q

Adipocyte function

A

long term energy storage

55
Q

What does -“cyte” mean?

A

cell/mature cell

56
Q

What is the origin of connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme (embryonic CT)

57
Q

What are the three classifications of CT?

A
  • connective tissue proper - supporting connective tissue
  • fluid connective tissue
58
Q

What are the two types of CT proper?

A

loose and dense

59
Q

Loose CT

A

less fibers, more ground space

60
Q

Dense CT

A

more fibers, less ground space

61
Q

What are the types of loose CT?

A

areolar, reticular, and adipose

62
Q

What are the types of dense CT?

A

elastic, regular, and irregular

63
Q

Areolar CT

A

“airy”

64
Q

Reticular CT

A

“net/network”

65
Q

Adipose CT

A

“fat bubbles”

66
Q

Elastic CT

A

“wavy”

67
Q

Regular CT

A

all going in the same direction

68
Q

Irregular CT

A

randomly arranged; in different directions

69
Q

What are the two types of supporting CT?

A

cartilage and bone

70
Q

Cartilage

A

semisolid rubbery matrix with chondrocytes

71
Q

Bone

A

solid hard matrix with osteocytes

72
Q

What is responsible for bones hardness?

A

CA2+/calcium

73
Q

What are the types of cartilage CT?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic

74
Q

Hyaline

A

“glassy”

75
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

thick and moving in the same directions

76
Q

Elastic

A

“branching network”

77
Q

What are the types of bone CT?

A

compact and spongy

78
Q

What are the two types of fluid CT?

A

blood and lymph

79
Q

Blood

A

fluid matrix, called plasma with suspended:
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes

80
Q

Lymph

A

fluid matrix with very few cells, and mostly leukocytes

81
Q

What are the structures suspended in blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

82
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

83
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

84
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets

85
Q

Lacunae

A

the small cavity containing an osteocyte in bone, or a chondrocyte in cartilage

86
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

contraction (movement)

87
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal m., cardiac m., and smooth tissue

88
Q

Where is smooth muscular tissue found?

A

lining the walls of internal organs

89
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

signaling (communication)

90
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A

neurons and glial cells

91
Q

Neurons function

A

signaling

92
Q

Glial function

A

support

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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