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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system look like?

A

a network

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2
Q

What are the two functions of the nervous system?

A

communication and control

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3
Q

What are the nervous system processes?

A
  • collects information
  • processes information
  • Initiates response
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4
Q

The nervous system uses what to collect information?

A

receptors

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5
Q

Where does the nervous system process information?

A

in the control center

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6
Q

Where are responses/commands sent in the nervous system?

A

to the effectors

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7
Q

What are the only kinds of effectors?

A

muscles and glands

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8
Q

What is the organization of the nervous system?

A

the central and peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system?

A

process information

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10
Q

What components make up the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

transmit information

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12
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

nerves and ganglia

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13
Q

What kind of nerves come from the peripheral nervous
system?

A

sensory and motor nerves

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14
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

neurons and glial

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15
Q

Neurons

A
  • basic functional units of the nervous system
  • excitable calls that transmit signals
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16
Q

Glial

A

non-excitable cells

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17
Q

Glial functions

A

protect and support neurons

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18
Q

Neurons have extreme longevity but are what kinds of cells?

A

amitotic

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19
Q

Amitotic

A

lost the ability to divide

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20
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of neurons

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21
Q

Ganglia

A

cluster of neuron bodies

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22
Q

What glial cells are in the central nervous system?

A
  • astrocytes
  • ependymal
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

star-shaped cells that connect capillary walls with neurons

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24
Q

Astrocytes functions

A
  • establish blood-brain barrier
  • form supporting networks
  • assist neuronal development and repair processes
  • communicate with neurons and adjust their activities
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25
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • ciliated epithelial cell that line internal cavities
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26
Q

Ependymal cell function

A

involved in the production and movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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27
Q

Microglia

A

small cells with slender branches that wander the CNS

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28
Q

Microglia function

A

phagocytize (engulf) infectious agents and debris

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29
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

large cells with slender extensions that wrap around the axons

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30
Q

Oligodendrocyte function

A

insulation of axons in a myelin sheath that speeds up the movement of signals

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31
Q

What cells are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

satellite cells and neurolemmocytes

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32
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion

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33
Q

Satellite cell functions

A

regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products

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34
Q

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)

A

wrap around axons to form myelin sheath for faster signal propagation

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35
Q

Myelination

A

is the process by which parts of an axon become wrapped in the myelin sheaths composed of repeating layers if glial cell plasma membrane with proportions of lipids.

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36
Q

The lipids in myelin sheath does what?

A

gives glossy white appearance and insulates axon

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37
Q

Myelinated axons perform what?

A

saltatory conduction

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38
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

nerve impulse/signal skips myelinated areas

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39
Q

Myelinated axon nerve impulses speed up to what?

A

150 m/c

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40
Q

Unmyelinated axons transmit nerve impulse through what process?

A

continuous conduction

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41
Q

Unmyelinated axon nerve impulses speed up to what?

A

2 m/c

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42
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • body
  • axon
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43
Q

Dendrites

A

short branches attached to the body

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44
Q

Dendrites functions

A

membrane receives stimuli

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45
Q

Body =

A

soma

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46
Q

Body characteristics

A
  • unnucleated
  • many ribosomes (gray)
47
Q

Body function

A

membrane receives stimuli

48
Q

Axon characteristics

A
  • long branch
  • axon hillock
  • axon terminals
49
Q

Axon fucntion

A

passes signals to nervous system, muscular system, or glands

50
Q

Axon: nerve

A

a bundle of axons enclosed in 3 layers of CT:
- endoneurium
- perineurium
- epineurium

51
Q

What are the two neuron classifications?

A

structural and functional

52
Q

What are the four structural classifications of a neuron?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
  • anaxonic
53
Q

What are the three functional classifications of a neuron?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneurons
54
Q

Sensory neuron pathway

A

receptors to CNS

55
Q

Motor neuron pathway

A

CNS to effectors

56
Q

What is another name for sensory neurons?

A

afferent

57
Q

What is another name for motor neurons?

A

efferent

58
Q

What is another name for interneurons?

A

association

59
Q

What are neuron membranes capable of?

A

initiating, processing, and transmitting signals

60
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?

A

-70 mV

61
Q

What three channels are responsible for the RMP of neurons?

A
  • Na-K pump
  • K+ channels
  • Na+ leak channel
62
Q

The Na+ leak channel is only present in what kind of structure?

A

neurons

63
Q

Depolarization

A

cell with a less negative charge than the outside

64
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

cell with a more negative charge than the outside

65
Q

What are the properties of a neuron?

A
  • lipid bilayer +( lipid and carb)
  • semi-permeable
  • at rest the membrane is polarized = -70mV
  • Concentration gradient for Na+, Cl-, and K+
  • neurons use their membranes to establish synapses
66
Q

What happens if gated ion channels open?

A

ions diffuse (H to L) causes intentionally altered RMP

67
Q

What happens when Na+ channels open?

A
  • sodium diffuses in
  • the cell becomes less negative causing depolarization
68
Q

What happens when K+ channels open?

A
  • potassium diffuses out
  • the cell becomes more negative causing hyperpolarization
69
Q

What happens when Cl- channels open?

A
  • chloride diffuses in
  • the cell becomes more negative causing hyperpolarization
70
Q

Synapse

A

is a site across the which neuron passes a signal to another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

71
Q

What are the characteristics of a chemical synapse?

A
  • uses neurotransmitters
  • slow but common
  • may excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell
72
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

organic compounds (=100) produced by neurons in order to transmit a signal

73
Q

What are two types of neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

74
Q

Acetylcholine effect

A
  • excites skeletal muscles
  • inhibits cardiac muscle
75
Q

Norepinephrine effect

A
  • excites cardiac muscle
  • inhibits digestive system
76
Q

What are the two methods used in the elimination of the neurotransmitter?

A

Degradation and reuptake

77
Q

Degradation is done by what?

A

enzymes

78
Q

Reuptake is done by what?

A

transporters

79
Q

What are the 4 functional segments of a neuron?

A
  • receptive
  • initial
  • conductive
  • transmissive
80
Q

Receptive: part of neuron

A

dendrites and cell body

81
Q

Initial: part of neuron

A

axon hillock

82
Q

Conductive: part of neuron

A

axon and terminals

83
Q

Transmissive: part of neuron

A

synaptic knobs

84
Q

Receptive: function

A

receives stimuli (input)

85
Q

Initial: function

A

action potential may be initiated

86
Q

Conductive: function

A

conducts action potential

87
Q

What is another word for conducts?

A

propagates

88
Q

Transmissive: function

A

neurotransmitter excites or inhibits a postsynaptic cell

89
Q

What is the most common stimulus?

A

neurotransmitters released from another neuron

90
Q

What events occur in response to neurotransmitters release?

A
  • NT binds to the specific receptor
  • chemically gated ion channels open temporarily
  • ions diffuse (H to L)
  • RMP is slightly altered
91
Q

Graded potential

A

a small, short- lived deviation from RMP

92
Q

What happens to the membrane during graded potential?

A

membrane becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarized

93
Q

The degree or grade of graded potential is dependent on what?

A

the strength of the stimulation

94
Q

What is another name for graded potential?

A

postsynaptic potential

95
Q

What are the two kinds of postsynaptic potential?

A

EPSP and IPSP

96
Q

Excitatory PSP

A
  • a neurotransmitter opens a Na+ channel
  • Causes slight depolarization
  • closer to the threshold
97
Q

Inhibitory PSP

A
  • a neurotransmitter opens K+ and Cl- channel
  • causes slight hyperpolarization
  • away from the threshold
98
Q

Where are EPSPs and IPSPs generated?

A

receptive segment

99
Q

Where does summation/processing of EPSPs and IPSPs happen?

A

Initial segment

100
Q

What law does summation follow?

A

all or none law

101
Q

What happens if numerous excitatory stimuli arrive to the receptive segment?

A
  • large amount of Na+ enters the cytoplasm and reach the axon hillock
102
Q

What happens if the threshold is reached in the axon hillock?

A

voltage-gated channels are triggered to open in the axon hillock

103
Q

What is initiated in the initial segment?

A

action potential

104
Q

What happens if the threshold is not reached?

A

no action potential

105
Q

What happens in once action potential is initiated?

A

once initiated, action potential needs to be conduction (propagation) along the axon.

106
Q

What happens in the conductive segment?

A

axon membrane undergoes a wave of depolarization, followed by repolarization.

107
Q

What is the goal of depolarization?

A

to spread the action potential

108
Q

What structure does depolarization?

A

voltage-gated Na+ channel

109
Q

What is the value of action potential?

A

+30 mV

110
Q

Nerve impulse

A

the consecutive opening of voltage gated Na+ channels

111
Q

What is the goal of repolarization?

A

to return the membrane to RMP after the AP passes

112
Q

Repolarization is done by what structure?

A

voltage-gated K+ channels

113
Q

What is the process of repolarization?

A
  • threshold is reached -55mV
  • voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly
  • K+ diffuses out
  • membrane becomes more negative
  • channels close too slowly
  • membrane becomes hyperpolarized
  • RMP is reestablished by Na+/K+ pumps
114
Q

What happens when AP arrives to the synaptic knob?

A
  • voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
  • Ca2+ diffuses in
  • synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to the receptors on the postsynaptic cell
  • postsynaptic cell is activated or inhibited

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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