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Anatomy & Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six functions of the muscular system?

A
  • body movement
  • maintenance of posture
  • protection and support (ex. abdominal wall)
  • movement of materials (blood, air, food)
  • heat production (shivering)
  • communication (verbal and non-verbal)
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2
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

contract to generate movement

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3
Q

What are three types of muscle tissue?

A

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

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4
Q

What is the name of muscle cells?

A

myocytes

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5
Q

Smooth muscle tissue characteristics

A
  • tapered (pointy ends)
  • non-striated
  • uni-nucleated
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6
Q

Smooth muscle tissue location

A

organ walls

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7
Q

Smooth muscle tissue: voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue characteristics

A
  • has branches
  • striated
  • 1-4 nuclei
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9
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue location

A

heart

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10
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue: voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue characteristics

A
  • long
  • striated
  • multi-nucleated
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12
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue location

A

skeleton

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue: voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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14
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle tissue?

A

muscle fibers

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15
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

a cell

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for what?

A

shivering

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17
Q

Thousands of myocytes =

A

muscle fibers

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18
Q

Skeletal muscle composition?

A
  • thousands of myocytes
  • blood vessels
  • nerves (sensory + motor)
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19
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle?

A
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
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20
Q

Epimysium

A

around each muscle

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21
Q

Perimysium

A

around each fascicle

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22
Q

Endomysium

A

around each muscle fiber

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23
Q

Fascicle

A

a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue

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24
Q

What does fascicle mean?

A

bundle

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25
Q

What happens when the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, merge together?

A

forms tendons

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26
Q

What are the seven characteristics used to name skeletal muscle?

A
  • action
  • body region
  • attachment
  • orientation of muscle fibers
  • shape
  • size
  • # of muscle heads
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27
Q

Skeletal muscle is what?

A

an organ

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28
Q

What is another word for muscle heads?

A

cephal

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29
Q

What are the actions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • adductor/abductor
  • flexor/extensor
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30
Q

Body region: Cervicis

A

neck

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31
Q

Body region: Oris

A

mouth

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32
Q

Body region: Brachial

A

arm

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33
Q

Body region: Carpi

A

wrist

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34
Q

Body region: Femoris

A

thigh

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35
Q

Body region: Profundus

A

forearm/antebrachial

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36
Q

Body region: Superior

A

towards the head

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37
Q

Skeletal muscle naming: attachment

A

intercostal

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38
Q

What does intercostal mean?

A

between the ribs

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39
Q

What are the three orientations of skeletal muscle?

A
  • rectus
  • oblique
  • orbicularis
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40
Q

Rectus

A

straight

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41
Q

Oblique

A

diagonal/slanting

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42
Q

Orbicularis

A

circular

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43
Q

Where can orbicularis skeletal muscle be found?

A

the mouth and eyes

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44
Q

What are the shapes of skeletal muscle?

A
  • deltoid
  • quadratus
  • trapezius
  • teres
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45
Q

Deltoid

A

triangle

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46
Q

Quadratus

A

square

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47
Q

Trapezius

A

trapezoid

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48
Q

Teres

A

rounded

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49
Q

What are the sizes of skeletal muscle?

A
  • longus/brevis
  • major/minor
  • latissimus
    -minimus/maximus/medius
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50
Q

Longus

A

long

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51
Q

Brevis

A

short

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52
Q

Major

A

largest

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53
Q

Minor

A

smallest

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54
Q

Medius

A

medium

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55
Q

What does “fund-“ mean?

A

foundation/al or base

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56
Q

What does “rect-“ mean?

A

straight

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57
Q

Orientation

A

which way something is going

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58
Q

What does “orbi-“ mean?

A

circle

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59
Q

What does “brev-“ mean

A

brief

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60
Q

Latissimus

A

broadest

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61
Q

Muscles only what?

A

pull

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62
Q

What is the rule of thumb for minimus, maximus, and medius?

A

if you have one then all three exist

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63
Q

What are the possible number of cephals or muscle heads of the skeletal muscle?

A
  • bicep
  • tricep
    -quadricep
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64
Q

Bicep

A

2

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65
Q

Tricep

A

3

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66
Q

Quadricep

A

4

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67
Q

How are muscle fibers (skeletal muscle cells) formed?

A

embryonic myoblasts fuse together to form muscle fibers

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68
Q

Satellite cell function

A

muscle repair/regeneration

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69
Q

What type of tissue uses “myo-“ and “sarco-“?

A

muscles

70
Q

Sarcolemma

A

muscle cell’s plasma/cell membrane

71
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell’s cytoplasm

72
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

muscle cell’s endoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

Myofibril

A

contractile organelle

74
Q

Sarcolemma composition

A

lipid bilayer + imbedded proteins and carbs

75
Q

The sarcolemma is what?

A

semi-permamble

76
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

the difference in charges across the membrane when at rest

77
Q

What are the charges of the sarcolemma?

A

+ on the outside and - on the inside

78
Q

What is the resting potential for myocytes?

A

90 mV

79
Q

What does mV mean?

A

millivolt

80
Q

What are the reasons for the difference in charges of the sarcolemma?

A

-Na-K ion pump
- K+ leak channel (H to L)

81
Q

What do Na-k ion pumps do to the sarcolemma?

A
  • move more + outside
  • creates a concentration gradient of ions
82
Q

What does K+ leak channels do to the sarcolemma?

A

addxs “+” outside

83
Q

What is the rule of Na-K ion pumps?

A

three sodium out, two potassium in

84
Q

What are the invaginations created by the sarcolemma called?

A

t-tubules

85
Q

T-tubules function

A

deliver the signal into the interior

86
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum forms what?

A

terminal cisternae on both sides of t-tubules

87
Q

Terminal cisternae function

A

store Ca2+ (signaling ion)

88
Q

About 80% of sarcoplasm is taken up by what?

A

hundreds of myofibrils

89
Q

Myofibrils are made up of what?

A

thin and thick filaments

90
Q

Sacromeres

A

filaments organized into repreating units

91
Q

Filaments are organized into sarcomeres for what function?

A

contraction

92
Q

Sarcomeres stretch from what to what?

A

z disc to z disc

93
Q

Thick filament

A

a bundle of the contractile protein myosin

94
Q

What are the two parts of a thick filament?

A

the actin binding site and the ATP binding site

95
Q

What is the function of the actin binding site in thick filaments?

A

attachment

96
Q

What is the function of the ATP binding site in thick filaments?

A

energy

97
Q

What are the three characteristics of thin filaments?

A
  • actin contractile protein with myosin binding sites
  • tropomyosin
  • troponin
98
Q

Tropomyosin

A

a regulatory protein (cover actin)

99
Q

Troponin

A

a regulatory protein (with Ca2+ binding sites)

100
Q

Regulation of skeletal muscle contraction is done by what?

A
  • motor neurons
  • motor unit
  • neuromuscular junction (synapse)
101
Q

What initiates skeletal muscle contraction?

A

motor neurons

102
Q

Motor unit

A

each motor neuron and the multiple fibers it controls

103
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

location where a motor neuron innervates a skeletal muscle cell/fiber

104
Q

Synaptic knob

A

houses the synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

105
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

fluid filled space separating the synaptic knob from the motor end plate

106
Q

Motor end plate

A

heavily folded sarcolemma with ACh receptors (receiving end for ACh)

107
Q

What are the three steps of the physiology of skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  • Excitation
  • Excitation- Contraction coupling
  • Cross bridge cycling
108
Q

Where does excitation occur?

A

at the neuromuscular junction

109
Q

What is the first step of excitation?

A

a nerve signal delivered by a motor neuron triggers the entry of Ca2+ into the synaptic knob through the gated Ca2+ channels

110
Q

What is the second step of excitation?

A

There (the synaptic knob) Ca2+ binds to the synaptic vesicle and triggers them to bind with the plasma membrane. ACh is then released into the synaptic cleft

111
Q

What mechanism is used to release or diffuse ACh into the synaptic cleft?

A

exocytosis

112
Q

What is the third step of excitation?

A

ACh diffuses across the cleft and binds to the ACh receptor at the motor end plate

113
Q

What are the three phases of contraction coupling (where/when these are taking place)?

A
  • Motor end plate
  • Edge of the motor plate
  • When action potential reaches the t-tubules
114
Q

Motor end plate phase

A

ACh bonds to the ACh receptor causing:
- chemically gated channel opens
- fast diffusion of Na+ in the cell
- inside becomes more “+”

115
Q

What is the ACh receptor in the motor end phase?

A

chemically gated ion channel

116
Q

What is the motor end plate phase called?

A

end plate potential (EPP)

117
Q

Edge of the motor plate phase

A

altered membrane potential (EPP)
- voltage gated Na channel opens
-fats diffusion of Na+ in the cell
- action potential
- muscle impulse

118
Q

Action potential

A

local reversal of charges

119
Q

Muscular impulse

A

wave of voltage gated Na+ channels opening along the sarcolemma and into the t-tubules

120
Q

When action potential reaches t-tubules phase?

A

opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the terminal cisternae of the SPR
- Ca2+ diffuses into the sarcoplasm and reaches sarcomere

121
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

contractile units

122
Q

What are the three kinds of channels involved in the physiology of skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  • chemically gated ion channels
  • voltage gated Na channels
  • voltage gated Ca2+ channels
123
Q

What triggers cross-bridge cycling?

A

Ca2+ comes in binds to troponin, shifts tropomyosin thus opening myosin binding sites.

124
Q

Where does crossbridge cycling take place?

A

in the sarcomeres

125
Q

What are the four steps of cross-bridge cyclying?

A
  1. “attach”
  2. “pull”
  3. “release”
  4. “reset”
126
Q

Attach =

A

Cross-bridge formation

127
Q

Pull =

A

Power stroke

128
Q

Release =

A

Release of myosin head

129
Q

Reset =

A

Reset myosin head

130
Q

Cross-bridge formation

A

myosin heads bind to the myosin binding sites forming a crossbridge

131
Q

Power Stroke

A

The myosin head swivels toward the center of the sarcomere, pulling the thin filaments.

132
Q

What is released during the power stroke?

A

ADP and Pi (phosphate)

133
Q

Release of myosin head

A

ATP binds to the myosin head, which causes the release of the myosin head from actin

134
Q

Reset of myosin head

A

ATP is split into ADP and Pi (phosphate) providing the energy to reset the myosin head

135
Q

What is used to “cock” the myosin head while at rest?

A

energy/ATP

136
Q

Stimulation above the threshold results in what?

A

a muscle generates force

137
Q

What is muscle tension?

A

when a muscle generates force

138
Q

What is a twitch?

A

a muscles response to a single stimulation

139
Q

Latent (lag) period

A

a short delay from the time when the action potential reaches the muscle until tension can be observed in the muscle

140
Q

What are the three phases or periods of a twitch?

A

a latent period, contraction phase, and a relaxation phase

141
Q

Muscle tone

A

resting tension

142
Q

Why is muscle tension never at zero?

A

muscle tone

143
Q

What four factors influence performance of a muscle?

A
  • stimulus intensity
  • stimulus frequency
  • effect of sustained exercise
  • effect of aging
144
Q

Intensity =

A

how strong

145
Q

What happen when the intensity is increased?

A
  • the number of motor units recruited increases
  • the muscle tension increases
146
Q

Max contraction

A

when all the motor units are recruited, the maximum possible tension is achieved

147
Q

Graded response

A

a muscle ability to produce varying levels of force based on our needs

148
Q

Frequency =

A

how often

149
Q

Frequency: <10 per second

A

a twitch each time

150
Q

Frequency: <10-20 per second

A

build up of Ca2+ resulting in treppe

151
Q

Treppe

A

The muscle tension increases in a graded manner that to some looks like a set of stairs (step wise)

152
Q

Frequency: 30-40 per second

A

wave summation and incomplete tetany occur

153
Q

Wave summation

A

occurs when stimulations are delivered to a muscle fiber faster than it is able to completely relax.

154
Q

Frequency: > 50 per second

A

fused contraction and complete tetany occur

155
Q

Incomplete tetany

A

quivering at max contraction

156
Q

What happens if 50 twitches per second continues beyond complete tetany?

A

the muscle fatigues

157
Q

Fused contraction/complete tetany

A

when there is no relaxation of the muscle fibers between stimuli and it occurs during a high rate of stimulation; strongest single-unit twitch in contraction.

158
Q

What are the two outcomes of sustained exercise?

A

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia

159
Q

Hypertrpohy

A

an increase in fiber size as the result of increase in the amount of mitochondria, myofibrils, and glycogen reserve

160
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of fibers (cells)

161
Q

Hyperplasia is what?

A

limited

162
Q

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia result in what?

A

increased muscle tension

163
Q

Lack of muscle activity results in what?

A

atrophy

164
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in fiber size and power

165
Q

Prolonged inactivity results in what?

A

fibrosis

166
Q

Fibrosis

A

muscle tissue converts to connective tissue

167
Q

Effects of aging

A
  • sarcopenia
  • injury recovery
  • fibrosis
168
Q

Sarcopenia

A
  • decrease in fiber number/diameter
  • decrease in blood circulation
  • decrease in power of skeletal muscles
169
Q

Injury recovery with aging

A

decrease in the number of satellite cells

170
Q

Fibrosis causes what?

A

decrease in flexiblity

171
Q

What does a decrease in flexibilty cause?

A

restriction of movement and circulation

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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