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Anatomy & Physiology > Biology of cells > Flashcards

Biology of cells Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the outer limiting barrier that separates the internal contents of the cell from the interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

the fluid that surrounds the cell

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3
Q

What are the modified extensions of the plasma membrane?

A

cilia, a flagellum, and microvilli

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

the largest structure inside a cell containing DNA

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5
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by?

A

the nucleus envelope

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6
Q

What is the fluid within the nucleus called?

A

nucleoplasm

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7
Q

Nucleous

A

dark-staining body within the nucleus

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

a general term for all the cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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9
Q

What are the three primary components of cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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10
Q

Cytosol

A

the viscous, syrup-like fluid in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Organelles

A

complex, organized structures in the cytoplasm of a cell with unique shapes and characteristics

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12
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Membrane-bound organelles

A

are enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Function of organelle membrane

A

separate the organelle’s content from the cytosol so that specific functions of the organelle can occur without interruption

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15
Q

What are examples of membrane-bound organelles?

A

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria

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16
Q

Non-membrane-bound organelles

A

are not enclosed by a membrane

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17
Q

What are the general functions of cells?

A

maintain the integrity and shape of a cell, obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks, and dispose of waste

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18
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

regulate what moves in and out of the cell

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19
Q

What is the main type of lipid present in the plasma membrane?

A

phosopholipids

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19
Q

What is the main type of lipid present in the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids

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20
Q

How do phospholipid associate in the plasma membrane?

A

form two parallel sheets of molecules lying tail to tail, with the hydrophobic tail forming the internal environment of the membrane and their hydrophilic polar heads positioned adjacent the cell’s cytoplasm or interstitial fluid

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21
Q

What is the plasma membrane framework called?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Where is cholesterol located in the plasma membrane?

A

scattered within the inner hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Cholesterol function in plasma membrane

A

strengthens and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures

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24
Q

Glycolipids

A

lipids with an attached carbohydrate

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25
Q

What are the two structural types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

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26
Q

Integral proteins

A

proteins embedded within and completely extend across the phospholipid bilayer

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27
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

are not embedded within the lipid bilayer,

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28
Q

How are peripheral proteins attached to the membrane?

A

they are attached loosely to either the internal or external surfaces of the membrane; and are often “anchored” to the exposed parts of an integral protein

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29
Q

Transport proteins

A

regulate the movement of substance across the plasma membrane

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30
Q

What are the different types of transport proteins?

A

channels, carrier proteins, pumps, symporters, and antiporters

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31
Q

Cell surface receptors (receptors)

A

bind specific molecules called ligands

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32
Q

Identity markers

A

communicate to other cells that they belong there

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33
Q

Enzymes

A

attached to either the internal or external surface of a cell for catalyzing a chemical reaction

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34
Q

Anchoring sites

A

secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane

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35
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

the internal protein support of a cell

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36
Q

Cell-adhesion proteins

A

for cell-to-cell attachements

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37
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of either ions or molecules down their concentration gradient

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37
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the random constant motion of ions and molecules

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38
Q

Concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas

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39
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the passive transport used when small nonpolar molecules cross the plasma membrane unassisted

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40
Q

Simple diffusion is only dependent on what?

A

the concentration gradient

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41
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the passive transport using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane

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42
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the passive transport using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane

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43
Q

What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

A

channel-meditated-diffusion and carrier-meditated-diffusion

44
Q

Channel-meditated diffusion

A

is the movement of small ions across the plasma membrane through water-filled protein channels

45
Q

What are the two kinds of channel-meditated diffusion?

A

leak channel and gated channel

46
Q

Leak channel

A

continuously open

47
Q

Gated channel

A

usually closed and only opens in response to stimulus and stays open for a fraction of a second before closing

48
Q

Carrier-meditated diffusion

A

assist movements of molecules by changing the shape after a specific molecule binds

49
Q

Larger polar molecules require what to cross the plasma membrane?

A

a carrier protein

50
Q

Uniporter

A

a carrier that transports only one substance

51
Q

Osmosis

A

the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

52
Q

Aquaporin

A

protein channels in the plasma membrane allowing the passage of water

53
Q

A solution with a greater concentration of solutes, contains a ________ concertation of _________.

A

lower, water

54
Q

In osmosis, water continues to move until what is achieved?

A

equilibrium

55
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

is the pressure exerted by the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to the difference in water concentration

56
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

is the pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container

57
Q

Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic pressure are what?

A

equal

58
Q

Tonicity

A

the ability of a solution the change the volume or pressure (sometime called the tone) of the cell by osmosis

59
Q

What are the three types of tonicities?

A

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

60
Q

Active Transport

A

is the movement of a solute against its concentration gradient (L to H) across cellular membrane

61
Q

Ion pumps

A

cellular protein pumps that move ions across the membrane

62
Q

What is an important type of ion pump?

A

sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump

63
Q

Vesicle

A

a membrane-bound sac filled with materials found in the cytoplasm

64
Q

Vesicular transport

A

allows for the movement of large substances across the plasma membrane

65
Q

What are the two types of vesicular transports?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

66
Q

Exocytosis

A

large substances or large amounts of substances are secreted from/outside the cell

67
Q

Endocytosis

A

the intake of large substances or large amounts of substances from the external environment into the cell

68
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

69
Q

Phagocytosis

A

a nonspecific process that occurs when a cell engulfs or captures a large particle external to the cell forming membrane extensions pseudopia to surround the particle

70
Q

What does “phago-“ mean?

A

eat or engulf

71
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cellular/drinking; when multiple small regions of the plasma membrane invaginate and multiple, small vesicles are formed as the cell internalizes interstitial fluid that contains dissolved solutes

72
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

uses receptors on the plasma membrane to bind specific molecules within the interstitial fluid and bring the molecules into the cell

73
Q

What does “pino-“ mean?

A

drink

74
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • protect and support
  • regulate transport
  • communication
75
Q

The nucleus is also known as what?

A

the control center

76
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

metabolism

77
Q

The cell membrane separates what?

A

the cytoplasm from the interstitial fluid

78
Q

What organic molecules make up the plasma/cell membrane?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

79
Q

What are the three lipids that makeup the plasma/cell membrane?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

80
Q

What percent of the plasma/cell membrane is phospholipids?

A

75%

81
Q

What percent of the plasma/cell membrane is cholesterol?

A

20%

82
Q

What percent of the plasma/cell membrane is glycolipids?

A

5%

83
Q

What is the function of phospholipids for the plasma/cell membrane?

A

framework

84
Q

What is the function of glycolipids for the plasma/cell membrane?

A

identity markers

85
Q

What kind of molecules easily cross the lipid bilayer?

A

small nonpolar molecules

86
Q

What is an example of a molecule that can easily cross the lipid bilayer?

A

O2

87
Q

What are the different types of membrane proteins?

A

transport proteins, receptors, identity markers, enzymes, anchoring sites, and cell-adhesion

88
Q

Vesicle =

A

bubble

89
Q

What dies facilitated mean?

A

help

90
Q

What are the two types of membrane transport?

A

passive and active

91
Q

What are the types of passive diffusion?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis

92
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

ion pumps and vesicular transport

93
Q

Gradient =

A

difference

94
Q

What direction do molecules in simple and facilitated diffusion move in?

A

H to L

95
Q

How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion different?

A

facilitated requires membrane proteins

96
Q

What are the two membrane proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel and carrier proteins

97
Q

What are the two types of gated channels?

A

Chemically gated and voltage gated

98
Q

Chemically gated channel

A

requires the binding of a specific signaling chemical

99
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

triggered by a specific change of the charges across the membrane

100
Q

What kind of molecules can participate in simple diffusion?

A

small nonpolar molecules

101
Q

What kind of molecules can use facilitated diffusion?

A

small polar or charged molecules

102
Q

Whan does osmosis occur?

A
  • two solution with different concentrations
  • solutes cannot cross the membrane
  • water moves through aquaporins until equilibrium is reached
103
Q

What is the one rule of osmosis?

A

water always moves into the HYPERtonic solution

104
Q

Hypertonic

A

“more solute”

105
Q

Hypotonic

A

“less solute”

106
Q

Isotonic

A

“equal solutes”

107
Q

Hypotonic solutions lead to what?

A

Lysis

108
Q

Lysis

A

burst or break of the cell membrane

109
Q

Crenation

A

the shrinkage of a cell

110
Q

Hypertonic solutions lead to what?

A

crenation

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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