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anatomy & physiology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the skeleton system?

A

protection and support

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2
Q

What are the four complete functions of the skeleton system?

A
  • protection/support
  • aids in movement
  • storage of minerals : Ca, P
  • Hemopoiesis
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3
Q

What does “hemo-“ mean?

A

blood

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4
Q

What does “-poiesis” mean?

A

make more

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5
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

supporting connective tissue

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6
Q

What is another name for bone?

A

osseous

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7
Q

What four categories make up the skeletal systems?

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

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8
Q

Bones

A

rigidity; primary organs of the skeletal

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9
Q

Cartilage

A
  • flexibility
  • cushioning
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10
Q

Ligaments

A

connection of the skeletal components (bone to bone)

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11
Q

Tendons

A

attachment of muscles to the skeleton (muscle to bone)

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12
Q

What are the bone cells?

A

osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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13
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A

stem cells that generate osteoblasts

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

synthesize soft osteoid that later mineralizes while trapped in the bone matrix, osteoblasts differentiate (develop) into osteocytes

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15
Q

Osteocytes

A

maintain ECM regulate other bone cells

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone resorption = removal

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17
Q

What does “gen-“ mean?

A

generate

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18
Q

What does “-blasts” mean?

A

builder

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19
Q

What does “-cytes” mean?

A

mature cells

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20
Q

What does “-clasts” mean?

A

crusher

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21
Q

What are osteoids mostly made up of?

A

collagen

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22
Q

What is an identifying characteristic of osteocytes?

A

branches

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23
Q

The bone matrix is split into what two categories?

A

organic and inorganic

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24
Q

What are the organic structures in the bone matrix?

A

osteoids

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25
Q

What precent of osteoids are collagen?

A

90%

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26
Q

What is the function of osteoids in the bone matrix?

A

strength and some flexibility

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27
Q

What are the inorganic structures in the bone matrix?

A

minerals, primarily Ca3(PO4)4

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28
Q

What is the function of minerals in the bone matrix?

A

hardness

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29
Q

What is the result of collagen loss in the bone?

A

broken bones

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30
Q

What is the result of insufficient calcium?

A

soft bones

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31
Q

The bone matrix constantly goes under what processes?

A

bone formation and bone resorption

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32
Q

Bone formation is done by what cell?

A

osteoblasts

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33
Q

What are the two aspects of bone formation?

A

osteoids and mineralization

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34
Q

What does osteoids require?

A

vitamin C

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35
Q

What does mineralization require?

A

P, Ca, vitamin D

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36
Q

Bone resorption is done by what cell?

A

osteoclasts

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37
Q

What are the two aspects of bone resorption?

A

enzymes and HCL

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38
Q

What is the function of enzymes in bone resorption?

A

digest osteoids

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39
Q

What is the function of HCL in bone resorption?

A

dissolve Ca and P

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40
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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41
Q

What are the other names for compact bones?

A

dense and cortical

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42
Q

What are the units of compact bone?

A

osteons

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43
Q

What is another name for spongy bone?

A

trabecular

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44
Q

What are the units of spongy bone?

A

trabeculae

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45
Q

What features does spongy tissue provide?

A
  • resistance but light weight
  • spaces are filled with bone marrow
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46
Q

What do both compact and spongy bone contain?

A

vessels and nerves

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47
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

hemopoiesis

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48
Q

What are the three sections of long bone?

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, and Metaphysis

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49
Q

Diaphysis

A

elongated shaft

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50
Q

Diaphysis function

A

leverage and major weight support

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51
Q

Diaphysis composition

A
  • outer layer: compact bone
  • inner layer: spongy bone
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52
Q

What cavity does the diaphysis cavity contain?

A

medullary cavity

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53
Q

Medullary cavity

A

houses red bone marrow

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54
Q

Epiphysis

A

knobby region at the ends of long bone

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55
Q

Epiphysis composition

A
  • outer layer
  • inner layer
  • joint surface
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56
Q

Epiphysis outer layer is made of what?

A

compact bone

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57
Q

Epiphysis inner layer is made of what?

A

spongy bone

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58
Q

Epiphysis joint surface is covered by what?

A

articular cartilage

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59
Q

Metaphysis

A

region between diaphysis and epiphysis

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60
Q

The metaphysis section contains what plate?

A

epiphyseal plate

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61
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for lengthwise bone growth (till 25-26 years)

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62
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

remnant of epiphyseal plate in adults

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63
Q

What are the two kinds of bone linings?

A

periosteum and endosteum

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64
Q

Periosteum

A

cover the outer surface of bone

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65
Q

What are the two layers of periosteum?

A

fibrous and cellular

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66
Q

Fibrous layer of periosteum

A

protects; anchors vessels/nerves; attachment site for ligaments/tendons

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67
Q

Cellular layer of periosteum

A

includes osteoprogenitors, cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

68
Q

Endosteum

A

covers internal surfaces of the bone

69
Q

Endosteum inclusions (what does it include?)

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

70
Q

Bone are highly what?

A

vascularized

71
Q

Vessels enter/exit through what?

A

nutrient foramen (small opening)

72
Q

What usually accompanies blood vessels through the foramen?

A

sensory nerves

73
Q

What kind of tissue is bone marrow?

A

soft connective tissue

74
Q

Red bone marrow is what?

A

hematopoietic

75
Q

Hematopoietic

A

forms all three blood cells

76
Q

Red bone marrow contains what?

A

reticular connective tissue. immature blood cells, and adipocytes

77
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

product of red bone marrow conversion

78
Q

Yellow bone marrow is rich in what?

A

adipocytes

79
Q

Can yellow bone marrow be converted back into red bone marrow?

A

yes

80
Q

What type of tissue is cartilage?

A

supporting connective tissue

81
Q

What are the two substances in cartilage?

A

cells and ECM

82
Q

What cells are found in cartilage?

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

83
Q

Chondroblasts function

A

produce matrix

84
Q

What is the ECM in cartilage made up of?

A
  • ground substance rich in water (compressible)
  • fibers (collagen and elastin)
85
Q

What are the three features of cartilage?

A
  • avascular
  • no nerves
  • perichondrium
86
Q

Since cartilage is avascular, what does cartilage rely on to receive nutrients and oxygen?

A

slow diffusion through the matrix

87
Q

Perichondrium

A

protective fibrous membrane layer

88
Q

What does “peri-“ mean?

A

around

89
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrous

90
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • thin collagen
  • most abundant
91
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

articular (joint), costal, nasal

92
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • most flexible (large amount of elastin)
93
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

external ear and epiglottis of the larnyx

94
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

thick collagen (most protect? and stretch resistant)

95
Q

Where can fibrous cartilage be found?

A

knee/intervertebral discs

96
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A

interstitial and appositional cartilage growth

97
Q

Interstitial cartilage growth

A

“internal” expansion

98
Q

Interstitial cartilage growth results in more what?

A

more matrix

99
Q

Appositional cartilage growth

A

adding layers to the end

100
Q

Appositional cartilage growth results in what?

A

more matrix and more cells

101
Q

Where are layers added in appositional cartilage growth?

A

edge of the cartilage below the perichondrium

102
Q

What kinds of cells occupy the perichondrium?

A

mesenchymal (stem) cells

103
Q

Cartilage growth pattern: during early embryonic development

A

experiences interstitial and appositional cartilage growth

104
Q

Cartilage growth pattern: what happens as cartilage matures?

A

it becomes semi-rigid, cannot expand and can only experience appositional growth

105
Q

Cartilage growth pattern: fully matured cartilage

A
  • does not grow
  • has very limited ability to repair damages (avascular!!)
106
Q

Ossification

A

bone formation

107
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

begins in the embryo @ 8 weeks through adolescence

108
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

109
Q

How does intramembranous ossification initially start off as?

A

a membrane (layer) of mesenchyme (embryonic CT)

110
Q

Intramembranous ossification is responsible for forming what?

A

flat skull bones and the clavicle

111
Q

How does endochondral ossification initially start off as?

A

hyaline cartilage model

112
Q

Endochondral ossification is responsible for forming what?

A

most bones

113
Q

What are the stages of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. osteoblasts form ossification center
  2. Cells trapped inside ossification center become osteocytes
  3. woven bone is formed
  4. woven bone becomes lamellar bone
114
Q

Is woven bone weak or strong?

A

weak

115
Q

Is lamellar bone weak or strong?

A

strong

116
Q

What does “lamellar” mean?

A

layered

117
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  1. start with the cartilage model
  2. the cartilage breaks down, blood vessels begin to grow, and the periosteum
  3. primary ossification center begins to form in the diaphysis
  4. the secondary ossification center begins to form on the ends of the bone (epiphysis)
  5. articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate form
  6. when the bones stop growing the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line
118
Q

Articular cartilage function

A

cushioning

119
Q

What type of tissue is the epiphyseal plate made of?

A

cartilage

120
Q

Epiphyseal plate function

A

growth

121
Q

What type of tissue is the epiphyseal line made of?

A

bone

122
Q

What steps of endochondral ossification occur in the embryo?

A
  1. start with the cartilage model
  2. the cartilage breaks down, blood vessels begin to grow, and the periosteum
  3. primary ossification center begins to form in the diaphysis
123
Q

What steps of endochondral ossification occur after birth?

A
  1. the secondary ossification center begins to form on the ends of the bone (epiphysis)
  2. articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate form
  3. when the bones stop growing the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line
124
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

interstitial and appositional bone growth

125
Q

When does bone growth begin?

A

begins during embryonic development

126
Q

Which type of bone growth grows in length?

A

Interstitial bone growth

127
Q

Interstitial bone growth mechanism

A

gradually replaces growing cartilage with bone within the epiphyseal plate

128
Q

Which type of bone growth grows in width?

A

appositional bone growth

129
Q

Appositional bone growth mechanism

A
  • adds layers to the edge (osteoblasts)
  • widens the medullary cavity (osteoclasts)
130
Q

Bone remodeling

A

a continuous process affected by mechanical stress and hormones

131
Q

Periosteum

A

The periosteum is a thin membrane on the outside of your bones. It serves to protect your bones but also has the ability to help them heal. It can even help your body grow new bone when damage occurs

132
Q

Mechanical stress on bone

A

muscle contraction and gravity

133
Q

What happens when mechanical stress increases?

A

osteocytes detect it which then stimulates osteoblasts to increase osteoid synthesis which ultimately increases bone strength

134
Q

What happens if reduced mechanical stress is detected?

A

bone strength will be decreased through the reduction in the collagen formation and demineralization

135
Q

What do hormones influence?

A

bone growth and bone remodeling

136
Q

Define hormones

A

signaling molecules (chemicals) released into the blood and binding to the target cells’ receptors to initiate response

137
Q

Hormones: endocrine cells and target cells

A

signaling molecules from the endocrine cells bind to the receptors of the target cells

138
Q

What hormones are involved in bone growth/remodeling?

A

growth hormone, sex hormone, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

139
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

25-26 years of age

140
Q

Growth hormone response

A

growth hormones stimulate chondroblasts in epiphyseal plate increasing bone growth

141
Q

What are examples of sex hormones?

A

estrogen and testosterone

142
Q

Sex hormones response

A

sex hormones stimulate osteoblasts and chondroblasts increasing bone growth

143
Q

Calcitonin response

A

calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts activity (bone resorption) increasing calcium in the bone and decreasing the blood calcium levels

144
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) response

A

stimulates osteoclasts activity (bone resorption) decreasing the calcium in bone and increasing blood calcium levels

145
Q

When osteoclast activity is inhibited what happens?

A

less calcium is released into the blood and more calcium is left remaining in the bone

146
Q

What kind of relationship is present between calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone?

A

antagonist (or opposites)

147
Q

Blood calcium level regulation functions

A
  • bone hardness
  • muscle contraction
  • exocytosis (vesicular transport)
  • blood clotting
148
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A

maintaining proper calcium levels in blood

149
Q

Higher/lower levels of calcium are what?

A

lethal

150
Q

What major organs help return calcium levels to a normal range?

A

bones, intestines, and kidneys.

151
Q

Bones relationship with calcium

A

can be used to store calcium

152
Q

Intestines relationship with calcium

A

absorbs calcium from food into the blood stream

153
Q

Kidneys relationship with calcium

A

regulates the amount of calcium to be removed with the urine or retained in the blood

154
Q

When blood calcium levels are high what hormone lowers it?

A

calcitonin

155
Q

Calcitonin does what to the Ca2+ in bone, intestines and kidneys?

A
  • Bone: Increases Ca2+ deposition
  • Intestines: decreases Ca2+ uptake
  • Kidneys: increases Ca2+ removal
156
Q

When blood calcium levels are low what hormone raises it?

A

parathyroid hormone + calcitriol (vitamin D)

157
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what to the Ca2+ in bone, intestines and kidneys?

A
  • Bone: Increases Ca2+ release
  • Intestines: increases Ca2+ uptake
  • Kidneys: increases Ca2+ retention
158
Q

What does deposition mean?

A

deposit (less in blood)

159
Q

What are the effects of aging on bone?

A

loss of collagen and minerals

160
Q

Loss of collagen and minerals in the bone results in what?

A

osteopenia

161
Q

Osteopenia

A

the gradual/natural thinning of bones (weaker bones)

162
Q

Osteoporosis (disease)

A

bone loss that compromises normal function

163
Q

Normal bone mineral density levels

A

> -1.0

164
Q

Osteopenia bone mineral density levels

A

-1.0 to -2.5

165
Q

Osteoporosis bone mineral density levels

A

< -2.5

anatomy & physiology (14 decks)

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