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Pathology I > Tissue Responses to Injury & Adaptations > Flashcards

Tissue Responses to Injury & Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q
  • here for the Liz brain *
A

hehe haha

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2
Q

define labile cells

A

continuously cycling - regenerative

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3
Q

list examples of labile cells

A

mouth/skin/bladder epithelium
bone marrow cells

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4
Q

define stable cells

A

quinescent aka divide infrequently
can be stimulated to divide (in G0 until stim to G1)

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5
Q

list examples of stable cells

A

liver
renal tubules
fibroblasts
endothelial cells
chondrocytes
osteocytes of CT

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6
Q

define permanent cells

A

non-dividing - can NOT be replaced when lost

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7
Q

list examples of permanent cells

A

neurons
cardiac muscle
photoreceptors in retina

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8
Q

define atrophy

A

reduction in function mass/size of cell/tissue/organ

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9
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in SIZE
* since it’s a party

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10
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increase in NUMBER of cells

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11
Q
  • again, here for Liz brain *
A
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12
Q

if the middle image is a normal uterus, is the R image hypertrophy OR hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophy - pregnancy

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13
Q

___ is the mechanism for cell loss of physiological atrophy (apoptosis or necrosis)

A

apoptosis

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14
Q

list causes of pathological atrophy

A

vascular/ischemic
tissue destruction (pressure, inflamed, necrosis)
endocrine (corticosteroid drugs)
denervation of skeletal muscle
starvation
decreased functional demand (fracture)

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15
Q

ID the pathology

A

renal cortical/medullary atrophy
* hydronephrosis

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of hydronephrosis

A

transitional cell carcinoma in bladder -> blocking of ureter flow -> increase pressure in renal pelvis -> renal cortical/medullary atrophy -> hydronephrosis

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17
Q

list some causes of pathological hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

abnormal increase in functional demand
excessive hormone stim
response to inflammation or trauma

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18
Q

ID the pathology
which side is normal?

A

R side normal
L side hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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19
Q

define erosion

A

damage to tissue, BUT basement membrane stays intact

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20
Q

define ulceration

A

damage where basement membrane becomes compromised, so tissue/cells replaced by fibrous tissue (scaring)

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21
Q

erosion or ulceration?

A

erosion

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22
Q

erosion or ulceration?

A

ulceration

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23
Q

what’s the most common causes of stricture in esophagus?

A

circumferential erosion
ulceration via pressure necrosis

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24
Q

ID pathology

A

perforation - peritonitis
result of stomach ulcer

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25
how does the heart and skeletal muscle respond to stress/injury?
reversible changes - atrophy and hypertrophy * cardiac cells do fibrosis/scar instead of regeneration
26
define concentric hypertrophy of the heart
thickening from the outside, towards the lumen
27
define eccentric hypertrophy of the heart
addition of sarcomeres next to one another to enlarge and dilate a heart chamber (wall thinning)
28
what process is being shown in the R image?
fibrosis - cardiac cells are permanent so death results in fibrous CT taking its place
29
list the key forms of injury to bone
fracture resorption necrosis (due to infection, inflame, hypoxia)
30
list key responses to bone injury
alter shape/mass regeneration (form woven bone) periosteum forms
31
list key forms of neurologic injury
compression necrosis degeneration
32
list key responses to neuronal injury
* cavitation NOT fibrosis very minimal regeneration
33
define exogenous pigment
pigment taken from external source
34
define endogenous pigment
pigment produced by cell
35
define hematogenous pigments
hemoglobin parasite hematin bilirubin
36
exogenous pigment examples
anthracosis (carbon) - black lung, near highway, heavy smoker owner
37
endogenous pigment examples
melanin lipofuscin (wear and tear, age indication) ceroid (vit E deficiency)
38
ID the pigment type
exogenous - anthracosis within lung
39
ID the pigment type
endogenous - melanin (black/brown)
40
how does copper deficiency effect melanin?
melanin is formed via tyrosine oxidation, which requires copper-containing tyrosinase
41
define lipofuscin what type of pigment?
endogenous pigment yellow/brown color, not harmful associated with aging result of autophagocytosis accumulation in cells aka partially metabolized protein and lipid
42
define ceroid what type of pigment?
endogenous pigment yellow/green color deleteriois effect to cells accumulate as a specific pathologic condition (vit E deficiency)
43
ID the type of pigment
endogenous - lipofuscin
44
define jaundice/icterus
pigmentation due to bilirubin presence yellow color hematogenous pigment
45
define hematin pigment
brown color artifact from formic acid and heme * can also be linked to liver flukes present
46
ID the pigment type
icterus
47
ID pigment type
hematin - due to liver flukes
48
what is gout?
accumulation of gout crystals (tophi) aka uric acid in either articular or visceral form
49
how does gout occur?
absence of enzyme uricase * prevents uric acid from becoming allantoin
50
what are gout crystals commonly surrounded by?
inflammation - befringement in polarized light
51
ID the pathology
gout crystals - kidney
52
define amyloid
pathogologic protein based material extracellular accumulation - compresses surrounding tissue
53
list examples of localized amyloid
54
list examples of generalized amyloid
55
ID the pathology which is normal?
56
ID the pathology AND the stain used
amyloid congo red stain
57
ID the pathology AND the stain used
amyloid apple green birefringence by polaarized light
58
ID the pathology
59
define dytrophic calcification
blood Ca levels seem normal localized
60
define calcinosis circumscripta
necrosis, inflammation, dystrophic calcification in dog
61
ID the pathology
calcium salts
62
define metastatic calcification
hypercalcemia - secondary to renal failure, lymphoma
63
ID the pathology
mucosal calcification
64
ID the pathology
pink inclusion within nucleus
65
ID the pathology
inclusion

Pathology I (17 decks)

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