Cardiopathology II

Question 1

define pericardial effusion

Answer 1

too much pericardial fluid

Question 2

define cardiac tamponade. what side HF does this cause?

Answer 2

caused by pericardial effusion, increased P surrounding heart, reduced ventricle filling

causes R side HF since not as much muscle as L side - unable to fight the increased pressure

Question 3

what are the two types of pericardial effusion?

Answer 3

hydropericardium
hemopericardium

Question 4

describe hydropericardium. what causes this?

Answer 4

fluid accumulation in sac
EDEMA CAUSES - inc hydrostatic P, dec oncotic P, lymphatic obstruction, inc vascular permeability
*aka pericarditis

Question 5

describe hemopericardium

Answer 5

bleeding into sac
*cardiac hemangiosarcoma

Question 6

ID pathology

Answer 6

hydropericardium

Question 7

ID pathology

Answer 7

hemopericardium

Question 8

list the main ways that pericarditis occurs

Answer 8

bacteria
hardware disease - ruminant

Question 9

when is epicardial hemorrhage typically seen?

Answer 9

anoxia, sepsis, endotoxemia
*can be agonal change

Question 10

under what circumstance does serous atrophy of fat occur?

Answer 10

chronic prolonged negative energy balance - emaciation

Question 11

ID pathology

Answer 11

serous atrophy of fat

Question 12

how does traumatic reticuloperitonitis occur?

Answer 12

migration of metal from reticulum > direct penetration of pericardial sac > gut bacteria enters sac

Question 13

describe acute hardware disease

Answer 13

fibrinosuppurative (neutrophils)
“bread and butter appearance”

Question 14

describe chronic hardware disease

Answer 14

constrictive pericarditis
fibrosis of epicardium to parietal pericardium
reduced ventricle contract

Question 15

ID pathology

Answer 15

acute hardware disease

Question 16

what nutritional deficiencies are linked to myocardial disease?

Answer 16

selenium and vitamin E deficiency - essential for protecting from oxidative damage

Question 17

what age is myocardial disease more common?

Answer 17

young

Question 18

ID pathology

Answer 18

myocardial white muscle disease - necrosis and mineralization

sheep, cow

Question 19

ID pathology

Answer 19

myocardial mulberry disease - necrosis and hemorrhage

pigs

Question 20

how does copper deficiency affect the heart?

Answer 20

weakens vasculature
predisposing to vascular aneurysmal dilations/tears

Question 21

ID pathology

Answer 21

vascular aneurysmal tear/dilation - copper deficiency

Question 22

list ways in which toxins can damage the heart

Answer 22

exaggerated effect - drugs
depress myocardial function
directly injures cardiac cells
hypersensitivity reactions

Question 23

describe ionophore coccidiostatus

Answer 23

mainly in horses
myocardial degeneration and necrosis via toxicity to salinomycin

Question 24

ID pathology

Answer 24

ionophore coccidiostatus

Question 25

how does anthracycline/doxorubicin affect the heart?

Answer 25

chemo drug for dogs causes acute myocardial necrosis by oxidative damage, cytokine release

Question 26

how does gossypol affect the heart?

Answer 26

swine >> goats/ruminants > horses fed cottonseed products causes heart lesions like ionophore toxicity

Question 27

how do vitamin D and calcinogenic plants affect the heart?

Answer 27

epicardial deposits of mineral

Question 28

how does uremia affect the heart?

Answer 28

deposits of urate crystals from chronic renal disease causes ulcer lesions > fibrosis and mineralization

Question 29

*Liz Brain*

Question 30

list the important inflammatory routes to the heart

Answer 30

hematogenous direct extension from pleural/mediastinal infection foreign body

Question 31

list the outcomes of infection, inflammation +/- necrosis of the myocardium

Answer 31

complete resolution poor myocardial regeneration capacity granulation tissue > scarring progressive myocardial damage > dilated CM

Question 32

ID the damage

Answer 32

Question 33

*Liz Brain* DD list for myocarditis lesions

Question 34

ID the type of myocarditis

Answer 34

eosinophilic

Question 35

ID the type of myocarditis

Answer 35

lymphocytic

Question 36

list what diseases are likely to manifest as DCM

Answer 36

taurine deficiency in cats cobalt toxicity myocarditis doxorubicin - chemo drug

Question 37

dilated cardiomyopathy is a ___ failure

Answer 37

heart pump

Question 38

who is most commonly affected by DCM?

Answer 38

dogs - giant and large breed dogs *arrhythmogenic R ventricular CM in boxers

Question 39

DCM is ___contractility during the ___ phase of cardiac cycle

Answer 39

hypocontractility systolic phase

Question 40

describe the gross appearance of DCM

Answer 40

Question 41

describe the histologic appearance of DCM

Answer 41

Question 42

ID the pathology

Answer 42

DCM - R side

Question 43

ID pathology

Answer 43

DCM

Question 44

ID pathology

Answer 44

DCM

Question 45

describe hypertrophic CM

Answer 45

common in cats - young adult to middle aged idiopathic autosomal dominant inheritance in several breeds, MAINE COONS

Question 46

describe thyrotoxic CM

Answer 46

in older cats *appearance is identical to HCM associated with functional adenomatous hyperplasia - hyperthyroidism

Question 47

a hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM heart in cats weighs about ___g

Answer 47

over 20g

Question 48

describe the gross appearance of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

Answer 48

Question 49

describe the histologic appearance of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

Answer 49

Question 50

what's the major outcome of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

Answer 50

L atrial thrombosis and caudal abdominal aorta thrombolism *secondary issues

Question 51

ID pathology

Answer 51

hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

Question 52

ID pathology

Answer 52

hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

Question 53

endocartitis is usually a secondary issue to ___

Answer 53

bacterial infection

Question 54

match the bacterial infection to the species it affects

Answer 54

Question 55

endocartitis pathogenesis

Answer 55

infection > bacteremia/sepsis and issues with virchows triad > fibrin and bacteria adhere to disrupted valve surface > mass of fibrin/bacteria/inflammatory cells and granulation tissue grow and portions of mass dislodge > septic emboli causes infarcts and abscess formation > valve dysfunction and/or septicemia > death

Question 56

ID pathology

Answer 56

endocarditis

Question 57

describe gross appearance of endocarditis

Answer 57

Question 58

which valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis?

Answer 58

L side - mitral valve then aortic valve *exception in cows - tricuspid!

Question 59

ID pathology

Answer 59

endocarditis

Question 60

describe edocardiosis

Answer 60

aka myxomatous valvular degeneration valve insufficiency age related in dogs, toy/medium size

Question 61

what does endocardiosis usually lead to in old dogs?

Answer 61

CHF and new murmurs

Question 62

ID pathology

Answer 62

endocardiosis

Question 63

ID pathology

Answer 63

endocardiosis - nodule form in leaflet

Question 64

what valve is most affected by endocardiosis?

Answer 64

mitral valve - L side will compensate with eccentric hypertrophy

Question 64

describe the appearance of endocardiosis

Answer 64

Question 65

list some associated lesions and outcomes of endocardiosis

Answer 65

atrial dilation and possible rupture jet lesions - endocardial fibrosis caused by turbulence rupture of chordae tendinae - valve prolapse

Question 66

ID pathology

Answer 66

endocardiosis

Question 67

describe feline endomyocarditis

Answer 67

aka endocardial fibrosis in young cats <4 years old occurs within 3 months of stress event (sx) *inflammation of L ventricle outflow tract presents with interstitial pneumonia

Question 68

describe gross appearance of feline endomyocarditis

Answer 68

Question 69

describe histology appearance of feline endomyocarditis

Answer 69

Question 70

ID pathology

Answer 70

feline endomyocarditis