Cardiopathology II Flashcards
define pericardial effusion
too much pericardial fluid
define cardiac tamponade. what side HF does this cause?
caused by pericardial effusion, increased P surrounding heart, reduced ventricle filling
causes R side HF since not as much muscle as L side - unable to fight the increased pressure
what are the two types of pericardial effusion?
hydropericardium
hemopericardium
describe hydropericardium. what causes this?
fluid accumulation in sac
EDEMA CAUSES - inc hydrostatic P, dec oncotic P, lymphatic obstruction, inc vascular permeability
*aka pericarditis
describe hemopericardium
bleeding into sac
*cardiac hemangiosarcoma
ID pathology
hydropericardium
ID pathology
hemopericardium
list the main ways that pericarditis occurs
bacteria
hardware disease - ruminant
when is epicardial hemorrhage typically seen?
anoxia, sepsis, endotoxemia
*can be agonal change
under what circumstance does serous atrophy of fat occur?
chronic prolonged negative energy balance - emaciation
ID pathology
serous atrophy of fat
how does traumatic reticuloperitonitis occur?
migration of metal from reticulum > direct penetration of pericardial sac > gut bacteria enters sac
describe acute hardware disease
fibrinosuppurative (neutrophils)
“bread and butter appearance”
describe chronic hardware disease
constrictive pericarditis
fibrosis of epicardium to parietal pericardium
reduced ventricle contract
ID pathology
acute hardware disease
what nutritional deficiencies are linked to myocardial disease?
selenium and vitamin E deficiency - essential for protecting from oxidative damage
what age is myocardial disease more common?
young
ID pathology
myocardial white muscle disease - necrosis and mineralization
sheep, cow
ID pathology
myocardial mulberry disease - necrosis and hemorrhage
pigs
how does copper deficiency affect the heart?
weakens vasculature
predisposing to vascular aneurysmal dilations/tears
ID pathology
vascular aneurysmal tear/dilation - copper deficiency
list ways in which toxins can damage the heart
exaggerated effect - drugs
depress myocardial function
directly injures cardiac cells
hypersensitivity reactions
describe ionophore coccidiostatus
mainly in horses
myocardial degeneration and necrosis via toxicity to salinomycin
ID pathology
ionophore coccidiostatus
how does anthracycline/doxorubicin affect the heart?
chemo drug for dogs
causes acute myocardial necrosis by oxidative damage, cytokine release
how does gossypol affect the heart?
swine»_space; goats/ruminants > horses fed cottonseed products
causes heart lesions like ionophore toxicity
how do vitamin D and calcinogenic plants affect the heart?
epicardial deposits of mineral
how does uremia affect the heart?
deposits of urate crystals from chronic renal disease causes ulcer lesions > fibrosis and mineralization
Liz Brain
list the important inflammatory routes to the heart
hematogenous
direct extension from pleural/mediastinal infection
foreign body
list the outcomes of infection, inflammation +/- necrosis of the myocardium
complete resolution
poor myocardial regeneration capacity
granulation tissue > scarring
progressive myocardial damage > dilated CM
ID the damage
Liz Brain DD list for myocarditis lesions
ID the type of myocarditis
eosinophilic
ID the type of myocarditis
lymphocytic
list what diseases are likely to manifest as DCM
taurine deficiency in cats
cobalt toxicity
myocarditis
doxorubicin - chemo drug
dilated cardiomyopathy is a ___ failure
heart pump
who is most commonly affected by DCM?
dogs - giant and large breed dogs
*arrhythmogenic R ventricular CM in boxers
DCM is ___contractility during the ___ phase of cardiac cycle
hypocontractility
systolic phase
describe the gross appearance of DCM
describe the histologic appearance of DCM
ID the pathology
DCM - R side
ID pathology
DCM
ID pathology
DCM
describe hypertrophic CM
common in cats - young adult to middle aged
idiopathic
autosomal dominant inheritance in several breeds, MAINE COONS
describe thyrotoxic CM
in older cats
*appearance is identical to HCM
associated with functional adenomatous hyperplasia - hyperthyroidism
a hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM heart in cats weighs about ___g
over 20g
describe the gross appearance of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM
describe the histologic appearance of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM
what’s the major outcome of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM
L atrial thrombosis and caudal abdominal aorta thrombolism
*secondary issues
ID pathology
hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM
ID pathology
hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM
endocartitis is usually a secondary issue to ___
bacterial infection
match the bacterial infection to the species it affects
endocartitis pathogenesis
infection > bacteremia/sepsis and issues with virchows triad > fibrin and bacteria adhere to disrupted valve surface > mass of fibrin/bacteria/inflammatory cells and granulation tissue grow and portions of mass dislodge > septic emboli causes infarcts and abscess formation > valve dysfunction and/or septicemia > death
ID pathology
endocarditis
describe gross appearance of endocarditis
which valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis?
L side - mitral valve then aortic valve
*exception in cows - tricuspid!
ID pathology
endocarditis
describe edocardiosis
aka myxomatous valvular degeneration
valve insufficiency
age related in dogs, toy/medium size
what does endocardiosis usually lead to in old dogs?
CHF and new murmurs
ID pathology
endocardiosis
ID pathology
endocardiosis - nodule form in leaflet
what valve is most affected by endocardiosis?
mitral valve - L side will compensate with eccentric hypertrophy
describe the appearance of endocardiosis
list some associated lesions and outcomes of endocardiosis
atrial dilation and possible rupture
jet lesions - endocardial fibrosis caused by turbulence
rupture of chordae tendinae - valve prolapse
ID pathology
endocardiosis
describe feline endomyocarditis
aka endocardial fibrosis
in young cats <4 years old
occurs within 3 months of stress event (sx)
*inflammation of L ventricle outflow tract
presents with interstitial pneumonia
describe gross appearance of feline endomyocarditis
describe histology appearance of feline endomyocarditis
ID pathology
feline endomyocarditis
