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Pathology I > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

artery or vein? label the layers from outer-most to inner-most

A

artery

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2
Q

what is the tunica intima consisted of?

A

ENDOTHELIUM
basement membrane
internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

what is the tunica media consisted of?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE
collagen, reticular, elastin fibers
external elastic lamina

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4
Q

what is the tunica adventitia consisted of?

A

CT
lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

artery or vein? ID layers

A

vein

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6
Q

define edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitium and body cavities

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7
Q

list the four main causes of edema

A
  1. increased microvascular permeability (leaky vessel)
  2. increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
  3. decreased intravascular osmotic pressure
  4. decreased lymphatic drainage
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8
Q

ID the pathologies and describe colors

A
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9
Q

list the two main causes of non-inflammatory edema

A

hepatic failure
heart failure

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10
Q

how does hepatic failure cause edema?

A

reduced albumin production - decreased oncotic pressure
portal hypertension aka blocked blood from stomach/intestines to the liver - increased hydrostatic presssure

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11
Q

how does heart failure (dec CO) cause edema?

A
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12
Q

define hyperemia. is it an active or passive process?

A

arteriolar dilation causing a local increase in volume of blood
active process

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13
Q

list ways in which hyperemia occurs

A

inflammation
physical activity
increased blood flow to GI after food
physiologic mechanism to dissipate heat

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14
Q

define congestion. is it active or passive?

A

passive
impaired/decreased outflow of blood

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15
Q

list ways in which congestion occurs

A

CHF
local venous obstruction
organ displacement

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16
Q

ID hyperemia or congestion

A

hyperemia - specifically erythema

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17
Q

ID hyperemia or congestion

A

congestion

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18
Q

ID hyperemia or congestion

A

CHRONIC congestion

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19
Q

define erythrophagocytosis

A

macrophages that contain whole RBCs

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20
Q

define hemosiderin-laden macrophages

A

brown, iron containing from breakdown of RBC
heart failure cells

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21
Q

define hemostasis

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL response to vascular damage and stops bleeding

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22
Q

define thrombosis

A

PATHOLOGIC activation of hemostatic process to induce clot

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23
Q

what is virchow’s triad?

A

factors that contribute to hemostasis and thrombosis
1. endothelial injury !!!
2. change in blood flow
3. blood hypercoaguability

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24
Q

describe the hemostatic process (4 steps)

A
  1. primary hemostasis - vasoconstriction and platelet grouping to form a plug
  2. secondary hemostasis - coagulation to form fibrin mesh
  3. fibrinolysis - remove platelet/fibrin plug
  4. tissue/vascular repair
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25
Q

what is von willebrand factor? how does it aid in hemostatic process?

A

protein that helps blood clot
primary hemostasis

26
Q

what is tissue factor? how does it aid in hemostatic process?

A

initiates extrinsic path of coagulation cascade
secondary hemostasis

27
Q

describe the intrinsic coagulation cascade

A

factors 12 11, 9, 8 -> common path, factor 10 -> (prothrombin to thrombin factor 2) -> fibrinogen (1) -> fibrin clot

28
Q

describe the extrinsic coagulation cascade

A

tissue factor 3 -> factor 7 -> common path, factor 10 -> (prothrombin to thrombin factor 3) -> fibrinogen -> fibrin clot

29
Q

list the vitamin k dependent coag factors

A

factors 2, 7, 9, 10

30
Q

define fibrinolysis

A

prevents blood clots from forming pathogenic condition

31
Q

describe the role of plasmin in the fibrinolytic system

A

digests fibrin clots and releases fibrin degradation products
inhibits additional fibrin formation

32
Q

what’s the most important/potent coagulation inhibitor?

A

antithrombin 3 - made by endothelium and hepatocytes

33
Q

list the three hemorrhage descriptive terms

A

petechia
ecchymosis
suffusive

34
Q

define petechia

A

pinpoint hemorrhage
minor vascular damage

35
Q

define ecchymosis

A

more extensive vascular damage than petechia

36
Q

define suffusive

A

larger, contiguous area of tissue hemorrhage damage
paintbrush

37
Q

ID hemorrhage type

A
38
Q

ID hemorrhage type

A
39
Q

ID hemorrhage type(s)

A
  1. petechia
  2. ecchymosis
40
Q

ID hemorrhage type

A
41
Q

what does hemorrhage significance depend on?

A

amount, location, rate

42
Q

exsanguination is __% of blood loss volume

A

40%

43
Q

in which organs is it worst to have hemorrhage?

A

brain and heart - very little room to expand

44
Q

define thrombus

A

group of platelets, fibrin in injured blood vessel

45
Q

physiologic vs persistent thrombus

A

physiologic - normal, rapidly resolves after healing
persistent - forms on wall of injured vessel (thromboembolism)

46
Q

list major determinants of thrombosis

A

VIRCHOWS TRIAD
*** alterations of endothelium to cause increased production of pro-coag substances

47
Q

describe cardiac and large arterial thrombi

A

due to endothelial damage
dull
firmly attached to vessel wall, red/grey with lamellated appearance due to rapid flow
alternating white platelets/fibrin

48
Q

ID this pathology

A

cardiac/large arterial thrombi

49
Q

describe venous thrombus

A

due to areas of slow blood flow/stasis
dark red, gelatinous since large amount of erythrocytes loosely
occlusive

50
Q

ID pathology

A

venous thrombus

51
Q

list the four types of thrombus resolution

A

full resolution - return to normal structure/function
granulation after debris removal - incorporated into vessel wall
recanalization - invasion/growth of endothelial blood channels in vessel, causing permenant narrowing
embolus - thromboemboli lodged in smaller sized vessels

52
Q

ID the types of thrombus resolution

A

L - full resolution
embolus
granulation
recanalized

53
Q

where do venous emboli typically lodge?

A

pulmonary circulation
causes R sided HF or infarcts

54
Q

where do arterial thromboemboli lodge?

A

in the tissue that depends on it
ex: saddle thrombus

55
Q

what two main things could occur due to occlusion of a vessel?

A

hypoxia
infarct

56
Q

what’s occurring here?

A

infarct

57
Q

define acute red infarct

A

red, often swollen or slightly raised
cause: hemorrhage

58
Q

define subacute pale infarct

A

pale
cause: necrosis > swell > forces blood out of infarcted region

59
Q

define chronic infarct

A

pale, shrunken, firm, fibrosis

60
Q

describe the concept of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

endothelial damage > thrombosis > too much clotting and usage of factors > ischemia in one organ/area > lack of clotting factors in rest of body so too much bleeding in other areas

Pathology I (17 decks)

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