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Pathology I > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

artery or vein? label the layers from outer-most to inner-most

A

artery

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2
Q

what is the tunica intima consisted of?

A

ENDOTHELIUM
basement membrane
internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

what is the tunica media consisted of?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE
collagen, reticular, elastin fibers
external elastic lamina

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4
Q

what is the tunica adventitia consisted of?

A

CT
lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

artery or vein? ID layers

A

vein

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6
Q

define edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitium and body cavities

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7
Q

list the four main causes of edema

A
  1. increased microvascular permeability (leaky vessel)
  2. increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
  3. decreased intravascular osmotic pressure
  4. decreased lymphatic drainage
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8
Q

ID the pathologies and describe colors

A
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9
Q

list the two main causes of non-inflammatory edema

A

hepatic failure
heart failure

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10
Q

how does hepatic failure cause edema?

A

reduced albumin production - decreased oncotic pressure
portal hypertension aka blocked blood from stomach/intestines to the liver - increased hydrostatic presssure

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11
Q

how does heart failure (dec CO) cause edema?

A
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12
Q

define hyperemia. is it an active or passive process?

A

arteriolar dilation causing a local increase in volume of blood
active process

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13
Q

list ways in which hyperemia occurs

A

inflammation
physical activity
increased blood flow to GI after food
physiologic mechanism to dissipate heat

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14
Q

define congestion. is it active or passive?

A

passive
impaired/decreased outflow of blood

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15
Q

list ways in which congestion occurs

A

CHF
local venous obstruction
organ displacement

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16
Q

ID hyperemia or congestion

A

hyperemia - specifically erythema

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17
Q

ID hyperemia or congestion

A

congestion

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18
Q

ID hyperemia or congestion

A

CHRONIC congestion

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19
Q

define erythrophagocytosis

A

macrophages that contain whole RBCs

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20
Q

define hemosiderin-laden macrophages

A

brown, iron containing from breakdown of RBC
heart failure cells

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21
Q

define hemostasis

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL response to vascular damage and stops bleeding

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22
Q

define thrombosis

A

PATHOLOGIC activation of hemostatic process to induce clot

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23
Q

what is virchow’s triad?

A

factors that contribute to hemostasis and thrombosis
1. endothelial injury !!!
2. change in blood flow
3. blood hypercoaguability

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24
Q

describe the hemostatic process (4 steps)

A
  1. primary hemostasis - vasoconstriction and platelet grouping to form a plug
  2. secondary hemostasis - coagulation to form fibrin mesh
  3. fibrinolysis - remove platelet/fibrin plug
  4. tissue/vascular repair
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25
what is von willebrand factor? how does it aid in hemostatic process?
protein that helps blood clot primary hemostasis
26
what is tissue factor? how does it aid in hemostatic process?
initiates extrinsic path of coagulation cascade secondary hemostasis
27
describe the intrinsic coagulation cascade
factors 12 11, 9, 8 -> common path, factor 10 -> (prothrombin to thrombin factor 2) -> fibrinogen (1) -> fibrin clot
28
describe the extrinsic coagulation cascade
tissue factor 3 -> factor 7 -> common path, factor 10 -> (prothrombin to thrombin factor 3) -> fibrinogen -> fibrin clot
29
list the vitamin k dependent coag factors
factors 2, 7, 9, 10
30
define fibrinolysis
prevents blood clots from forming pathogenic condition
31
describe the role of plasmin in the fibrinolytic system
digests fibrin clots and releases fibrin degradation products inhibits additional fibrin formation
32
what's the most important/potent coagulation inhibitor?
antithrombin 3 - made by endothelium and hepatocytes
33
list the three hemorrhage descriptive terms
petechia ecchymosis suffusive
34
define petechia
pinpoint hemorrhage minor vascular damage
35
define ecchymosis
more extensive vascular damage than petechia
36
define suffusive
larger, contiguous area of tissue hemorrhage damage paintbrush
37
ID hemorrhage type
38
ID hemorrhage type
39
ID hemorrhage type(s)
1. petechia 2. ecchymosis
40
ID hemorrhage type
41
what does hemorrhage significance depend on?
amount, location, rate
42
exsanguination is __% of blood loss volume
40%
43
in which organs is it worst to have hemorrhage?
brain and heart - very little room to expand
44
define thrombus
group of platelets, fibrin in injured blood vessel
45
physiologic vs persistent thrombus
physiologic - normal, rapidly resolves after healing persistent - forms on wall of injured vessel (thromboembolism)
46
list major determinants of thrombosis
VIRCHOWS TRIAD *** alterations of endothelium to cause increased production of pro-coag substances
47
describe cardiac and large arterial thrombi
due to endothelial damage dull firmly attached to vessel wall, red/grey with lamellated appearance due to rapid flow alternating white platelets/fibrin
48
ID this pathology
cardiac/large arterial thrombi
49
describe venous thrombus
due to areas of slow blood flow/stasis dark red, gelatinous since large amount of erythrocytes loosely occlusive
50
ID pathology
venous thrombus
51
list the four types of thrombus resolution
full resolution - return to normal structure/function granulation after debris removal - incorporated into vessel wall recanalization - invasion/growth of endothelial blood channels in vessel, causing permenant narrowing embolus - thromboemboli lodged in smaller sized vessels
52
ID the types of thrombus resolution
L - full resolution embolus granulation recanalized
53
where do venous emboli typically lodge?
pulmonary circulation causes R sided HF or infarcts
54
where do arterial thromboemboli lodge?
in the tissue that depends on it ex: saddle thrombus
55
what two main things could occur due to occlusion of a vessel?
hypoxia infarct
56
what's occurring here?
infarct
57
define acute red infarct
red, often swollen or slightly raised cause: hemorrhage
58
define subacute pale infarct
pale cause: necrosis > swell > forces blood out of infarcted region
59
define chronic infarct
pale, shrunken, firm, fibrosis
60
describe the concept of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
endothelial damage > thrombosis > too much clotting and usage of factors > ischemia in one organ/area > lack of clotting factors in rest of body so too much bleeding in other areas

Pathology I (17 decks)

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