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Pathology I > Cardiopathology I > Flashcards

Cardiopathology I Flashcards

1
Q

label

A
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2
Q

R side of heart is ___ blood and L side is ___ blood

A

R - deoxygenated
L - oxygenated

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3
Q

what’s the ratio of R:L side ventricular wall thickness

A

1:3
*since L side pumps to entire body

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4
Q

list the main components of electrical pathway of heart

A
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5
Q

heart disease cannot be ___, must be ___

A

not cured, must be managed

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6
Q

list the main clinical signs of heart disease

A

c, exercise intolerance, murmur, arrhythmia, fluid buildup, cyanosis

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7
Q

define murmur

A

blood turbulence

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8
Q

define arrhythmia

A

irregular heartbeat

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9
Q

list the types of heart failure

A
  1. sudden/acute vs chronic
  2. R vs L side failure
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10
Q

heart failure has blood accumulation where?

A

accumulation behind the failing chamber

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11
Q

describe acute heart failure

A

sudden/severe pump and flow failure
syncope (unconscious), collapse
*cardiogenic shock
NOT enough time for compensatory changes to occur

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12
Q

describe chronic heart failure. list the compensatory changes

A

less severe pump and flow failures
compensation - chamber dilation, hypertrophy, increased HR, increased peripheral R, increased blood volume, redistribution of blood

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13
Q

eccentric vs concentric hypertrophy

A

eccentric - expands (thinning), VOLUME overload
concentric - thickening, PRESSURE overload

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14
Q

complete the chart

A
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15
Q

define R sided HF

A

congestion of systemic circulation
increased hydrostatic pressure - ventral SQ edema, pleural/peritoneal effusion

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16
Q

what type of heart failure causes this?

A

R sided

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17
Q

define L sided HF

A

congestion of pulmonary circulation
pulmonary edema, hemosiderosis

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18
Q

what type of HF is this?

A

L sided

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19
Q

Liz Brain

A
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20
Q

describe some systemic changes linked to HF (kidney)

A

decreased renal blood flow > RAAS activation > water retention, increase BP
**compensating for heart unable to work properly, WHILE ALSO making it so heart has to work more (increase CO via water retention), causing further decompensation

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21
Q

describe some systemic changes linked to HF (bone marrow)

A

hypoxia > erythropoiesis > polycythemia (inc carrying capacity) > increase BP > increase workload of heart

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22
Q

which area of the heart is affected FIRST due to decreased perfusion?

A

papillary muscles of L ventricle and subendocardial areas

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23
Q

describe the histologic presentation of myocardial cell injury, necrosis, and scaring

A
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24
Q

what are the 6 main mechanisms of heart failure?

A
  1. ruptures - hemorrhage, tamponade
  2. obstructed flow through heart - increases volume and P behind obstruction
  3. regurgitant flow - increases volume behind failing valve
  4. blood shunts - congenital mainly
  5. conduction disturbance (arrhythmia) - poor contraction
  6. pump failure - weak contraction, incomplete emptying/filling
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25
describe endocardial (AV) cushion defect
congenital issue two thicker areas in cardiac tube from which heart chambers/valves form - does NOT properly close, can cause open communication between all chambers
26
ID the pathology
L - normal R - endocardial cushion defect
27
in shunts, the larger the defect, the ___ severe clinical signs
more severe
28
in shunts, the smaller the defect, the ___ the murmur
louder
29
shunts cause what type of hypertrophy?
eccentric
30
define atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO)
incomplete closure of atrial septum
31
define ventricular septal defect (VSD)
incomplete closure of ventricular septum
32
define patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
failure of closure of ductus arteriosus between aorta and pulmonary artery *normally becomes ligamentum arteriosum
33
ID the shunt
atrial septal defect (ASD) patent foramen ovale (PFO)
34
ID the shunt
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
35
ID the shunt
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
36
shunts are a ___ overload with an initial __ to __ shunting of blood
volume L to R shunting - since L side is typically high P to begin with (can switch to R to L)
37
ID the shunt
atrial septal defect (ASD) patent foramen ovale (PFO)
38
ID shunt
ventricular septal defect (VSD) MOST OMMON DEFECT
39
ID shunt
patent ductus arteriosus *continuous murmur small/toy breeds
40
list the two main types of valvular defect
stenosis - narrowing valves malformation/dysplasia
41
list the two types of stenosis
pulmonic stenosis aortic stenosis
42
stenosis is a ___ overload
pressure
43
stenosis will have hyper___ of the ___ that comes right before/after it
hypertrophy ventricle before it
44
ID the pathology which ventricle will be affected?
pulmonary stenosis R ventricle hypertrophy - R side HF, cause hepatic congestion
45
ID the pathology which ventricle will be affected?
aortic stenosis L ventricle hypertrophy - L side HF
46
ID pathology
pulmonic stenosis
47
ID pathology
aortic stenosis
48
list breeds that most commonly get pulmonic vs aortic stenosis
pulmonic - bulldog, boxer, terrier aortic - large breeds, pigs
49
ID pathology
tricuspid and mitral valve malformation/dysplasia
50
tricuspid and mitral valve malformation/dysplasia is ___ insufficiency and ___ overload
valvular insufficiency volume overload
51
tricuspid and mitral valve malformation/dysplasia is hyper___ of the ___ that comes right after/before it
hypertrophy - eccentric ventricle right after it *dilation of atrium before it
52
describe the tetralogy of fallot
FOUR abnormalities that causes insufficient amounts of blood pumped to body 1. ventricular septal defect 2. pulmonic stenosis 3. overriding aorta 4. R ventricle hypertrophy
53
ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a __ to __ shunt due to ___ stenosis, causing ___ ventricular hyper___. this causes ___
R to L shunt pulmonic stenosis R ventricle hypertrophy cyanosis
54
ID pathology
ventricle septal defect (VSD)
55
describe vascular ring anomaly
persistent R aortic arch (should normally be on L side) with ligamentum arteriosum on L > compresses esophagus > cranial megaesophagus
56
ID pathology
vascular ring anomaly
57
what pathology causes regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia, and poor weight gain?
vascular ring anomaly
58
define ectopia cordis
heart located anywhere BUT in the chest *most common in calves
59
ID pathology
ectopia cordis
60
*Liz Brain*

Pathology I (17 decks)

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