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Pathology I > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

necrosis is ___ injury

A

unselective
irreversible

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2
Q

apoptosis is ___ injury

A

selective
irreversible

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3
Q

hepatic lipidosis is ___ injury

A

reversible

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4
Q

what are the 4 main categories of cell injury causes?

A

deficiency of critical material
lack of cellular energy production
accumulation of abnormal substances
physical injury

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5
Q

define ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of body

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6
Q

describe the pathogenesis of the irreversible ischemic cell injury

A

MEMBRANE INJURY (phospholipid loss, cytoskeleton issue) -> Ca influx, enzyme leakage

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7
Q

describe the pathogenesis of reversible ischemic cell injury

A

MITOCHONDRIA DAMAGE -> decrease oxidative phosphorylation -> decrease ATP -> decrease Na pump -> influx Na/water/Ca -> cell swell, blebs, ER swell

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8
Q

list the physical signs of reversible cell injury

A

cell swell
ER swell
loss of microvilli
membrane blebs
clumped chromatin
lipid accumulation
myelin figures

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9
Q

list the physical signs of irreversible cell injury

A

cell membrane damage, rupture

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10
Q

list the physical signs of cell death

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis
absence of nuclei
cytoplasmic eosinophilia

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11
Q

describe the pathogenesis of cell injury due to oxygen deprivation.
what if no oxygen appears to reverse the injury?

A

hypoxia -> aerobic cell metabolism stops -> decreased ATP production

switch to anaerobic metabolism -> intracellular acidosis -> lose ribosomes due to swollen ER -> lysosome rupture -> release RNA/DNA -> membrane rupture -> cell death

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12
Q

what happens if there’s a LARGE number of cell deaths?

A

gap is replaced with fibrous CT

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13
Q

what pathology is shown in this image?

A

renal infarct

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14
Q

define infarct

A

small area of dead tissue due to failure of blood supply

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15
Q

define hydropic degeneration

A

water movement into cells (swelling)
reversible

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of hydropic degeneration

A

injury/HYPOXIA
decreased mitochondria activity
damage cell membrane
interfere ion channels of membranes
decreased Na/K activity
increased Na in cytoplasm
water accumulation
mitochondria/ER swell
hydropic degeneration

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17
Q

what type of hydropic degeneration is caused by parapoxvirus?

A

bovine papular stomatitis

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18
Q

what type of cell injury is caused in this image of mucosa?

A

hydropic degeneration

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19
Q

what is this an example of in the mucosa of a cow tongue? (black circles and arrow)

A

circles - ballooning degeneration
arrow - viral inclusion bodies

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20
Q

define hepatic lipidosis

A

“fatty change”
intracellular accumulation of fatty acids within cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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21
Q

what are the possible mechanisms that can result in hepatic lipidosis?

A

*** only one of these needs to occur for lipidosis

free fatty acids excessively delivered from fat stores
decreased oxidation/use of FFA
impaired apoprotein synthesis
impaired lipoprotein formation
impaired release of lipoproteins from hepatocytes

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22
Q

what organ is this? describe the abnormality

A

liver
pale/yellow, swollen, friable, greasy

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23
Q

what cell injury does this liver have?

A

hepatic lipidosis
note nucleus pushed to side unlike hydropic degeneration

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24
Q

SLIDE 32 - rewatch

A
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25
what diseases are associated with hepatic lipidosis?
ketosis and pregnancy toxemia anorexia high fat diets, obesity hepatotoxins hypoxia hypothyroidism
26
difference between gross texture/color of lipid vs glycogen hepatocyte accumulation
lipid - pale yellow, friable glycogen - pale tan/white, firm
27
list some disorders associated with lipid hepatocyte accumulation
ketosis pregnancy toxemia high fat diet obesity hepatotoxins hypoxia diabetes mellitus hypothyroidism
28
list some disorders associated with glycogen hepatocyte accumulation
excess glucocorticoids diabetes mellitus young animals
29
describe positioning of nuclei in lipid hepatocyte accumulation histology
nuclei pushed to periphery
30
describe vacuole shape/border in lipid hepatocyyte accumulation
distinct borders
31
describe positioning of nuclei in glycogen hepatocyte accumulation histology
nuclei stay central
32
describe vacuole shape/border in glycogen hepatocyte accumulation
margins are irregular or indistinct
33
ID the liver accumulation circled in this image
glycogen
34
SLIDE 38
35
ID the organ and pathology
liver glycogen accumulation - hepatocellular vacuolation
36
ID the organ and the pathology
liver fat accumulation - since nuclei are off-center
37
what disease is shown in this image of a dog brain?
lysosomal storage disease lysosome can’t digest proteins
38
define necrosis
hypoxia, ischemia, direct cell membrane injury SWELLING (onco-) pathologic cell death/murder inflammation release cell content disrupt cell membrane messy looking
39
define apoptosis
programmed cell death/suicide SHRINKAGE physiologic cell death NO inflammation cell membrane stays intact organized, clean
40
define pyknosis
irreversible condensation of chromatin in nucleus of cell
41
define karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus
42
define karyolysis
nucleus is pale
43
define absence of nucleus
later stage of karyolysis
44
Name the cell stage of cellular necrosis and describe the nucleus
45
Match each number to its terms terms - pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
1 - pyknosis 2 - karyorrhexis 3 - karyolysis
46
describe the mitochondrial/intrinsic path of apoptosis
cell injury BCL2 family sensor BCL2 effectors (BAX, BAK) mitochondria cytochrome c (pro-apoptosis) initiator capase 9 executioner capase 3, 7, 9, 12 endonuclease activation and breakdown of cytoskeleton bleb apoptotic body
47
describe the death receptor/extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
receptor ligand interaction (Fas, TNF) adaptor protein initiator capases executioner capases endonuclease activation and breakdown cytoskeleton bleb apoptotic body
48
list the pro-apoptotic BCL2
BAX BAK
49
list the anti-apoptotic BCL2
BCL2 BCL-XL
50
list the initiator capases for intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
intrinsic - capase 9 extrinsic - capase 8
51
list the executioner capases
capase 3, 6, 7, 12
52
list the key morphologic features of apoptosis
cell shrinkage chromatin condensation cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
53
apoptosis or necrosis? explain why
apoptosis since fragmentation but no inflammation
54
apoptosis or necrosis? explain why
apoptosis since fragmentation but no inflammation
55
what does hematoxylin stain in H&E?
stains purple nuclei, bacteria, calcium
56
what does eosin stain in H&E?
stains pink cytoplasm, collagen, fibrin, RBC *protein is pink
57
which is basophilic vs eosinophilic?
58
define basophilic
purple basic
59
define eosinophilic
pink acidic
60
define amphophilic
both basophilic and eosinophilic
61
what is this from H&E
amphophilic
62
list key features of necrosis on H&E stain
increased eosinophilia (RNA degrade) glassy appearance (glycogen is lost) cytoplasm vacuolation karyorrhexis become karyolysis ghost cells necrotic cells induce leukocyte migration to dissolve cell
63
what are ghost cells?
pale eosionophilic outlines of residual cell cytoplasm
64
what does the red indicate?
hypereosinophilia indicates cell death/necrosis
65
what does the arrow show? (in nucleus)
viral inclusion body
66
if the right image is normal, what can you say is likely occurring in the left image?
necrosis * tissue has become unrecognizable
67
define coagulative necrosis
denaturation with dense/rigid texture to dead cells
68
define liquefactive necrosis
process of complete enzymatic digestion of cells usually in the brain
69
caseous necrosis define
cheesy, coagulative, granulomatous reaction
70
define fat necrosis
saponification fatty acids mixed with calcium chalky white
71
define gangrenous necrosis
necrosis due to ischemia of distal extremities
72
what type of necrosis is occurring?
coagulative - since the myocardial cells appear dry with a loss of nuclei, fragmented
73
why are leukocytes present?
clear up sarcoplasmic debris from the necrosis
74
what type of necrosis is renal papillary necrosis?
coagulative necrosis - due to ischemia after NSAID use
75
pathogenesis of renal papillary necrosis
inhibition of PG synthesis via NSAID blocking COX-1 and COX-2 -> renal hypoperfusion > ischemia -> papillary necrosis
76
what are the primary vasodilators of kidney?
renal PGs
77
what's wrong with the kidney?
renal infarct aka hypoxic injury
78
which portion is abnormal/normal (R/L)?
L side of kidney - abnormal, dead tissue middle - hemorrhage where cells are dying R side - inflamed
79
suppurative necrosis is a type of ___ necrosis
liquefactive
80
ID the type of necrosis
liquefactive - uterus
81
ID the type of necrosis in this brain sample
liquefactive - R side vacuolated, excess lipid * L side normal
82
ID the type of necrosis
caseous - lung cheesy appearance
83
caseous necrosis is a combination of which necrosis types?
coagulative and liquefactive
84
caseous necrosis is most characteristic of ___ inflammation
granulomatous
85
where does fat necrosis most commonly occur?
next to pancreas
86
ID the necrosis type
fat necrosis - pancreas
87
ID the necrosis type
gangrene
88
define "wet" gangrene necrosis
combination of coagulative (loss of blood supply) and liquefactive (superimposed infection)

Pathology I (17 decks)

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