Acute Inflammation

Question 1

list the five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

1. redness
2. swelling
3. heat
4. pain
5. loss of function

Question 2

what is acute inflammation dominated by?

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

define suppurative

Answer 3

pus

Question 4

define purulent

Answer 4

pus

Question 5

define fibrino

Answer 5

lots of fibrin

Question 6

fill out the chart regarding acute inflammation

Answer 6

Question 7

is fibrinous acute or chronic?

Answer 7

ACUTE

Question 8

is fibrous acute or chronic?

Answer 8

CHRONIC

Question 9

list the three things inflammation can act as.

Answer 9

1. primary mechanism of pathologic change
2. secondary contributor and propagator of disease
3. precursor to chronic inflammation/fibrosis

Question 10

how does the body know there’s an injury? (exogenously vs endogenously)

Answer 10

exogenous - microbes, foreign body, injury
endogenous - autoreactive, hypersensitivity reactions

activation of innate immune system

Question 11

list the main mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 11

PG, complement, cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF

Question 12

function of IL-8?

Answer 12

activates neutrophils

Question 13

list the fever cytokines

Answer 13

IL-1, TNF, IL-6

PGE2

Question 14

list/describe the phases of acute inflammation

Answer 14

1. fluidic/exudate - dilute/localize inciting agent. increased blood flow stim histamine via leaky vessels
2. cellular - delivers leukocytes to exudate at site of injury, leukocyte adhesion cascade
3. reparative phase

Question 15

generally describe leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 15

margination > rolling > adhesion > diapedesis (migration) > chemotaxis (neutrophil activation)

Question 16

druggies

Question 17

list the outcomes/goals of the complement cascades

Answer 17

formation of C5a and C3a - attract leukocytes for inflammation
formation of C3b - opsonizes pathogen, induce phagocytosis
formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) - creates pore in microbial surface

Question 18

list some acute phase protein functions

Answer 18

hemostasis
bacteria lysis
bacteriosasis
mopping up free radicals

Question 19

list the important acute phase proteins

Answer 19

Question 20

c-reactive protein function

Answer 20

binds bacteria to activate complement

Question 21

which two APP are used to show marked increase in systemic inflammation?

Answer 21

c-reactive protein
serum amyloid protein

Question 22

list the “positive” APP. what do they mean?

Answer 22

c-reactive protein and serum amyloid A
*increase in inflammation

Question 23

list the “negative” APP. what do they mean?

Answer 23

albumin
*decrease in inflammation

Question 24

define pyrexia

Answer 24

fever

*hyperthermia does NOT equal pyrexia

Question 25

what's the key signal to reduce pyrexia?

Answer 25

PGE2

Question 26

define effusion

Answer 26

vascular leakage aka when fluid leaks into body cavities and NOT tissues

Question 27

ID the pathology

Answer 27

pleural effusion

Question 28

define transudate/serous exudate

Answer 28

clear watery fluid means injury is rather mild or peracute histology - affected tissues spread apart by watery fluid

Question 29

define exudate

Answer 29

extravascular fluid rich in protein/cells cloudy

Question 30

transudate or exudate?

Answer 30

transudate

Question 31

list examples of exudate

Answer 31

hemorrhagic serosanguinous (blood tint) purulent (pus) fibrinous

Question 32

ID transudate vs exudate.

Answer 32

exudate - hemorrhagic

Question 33

ID pathology

Answer 33

serosanguinous effusion aka exudate

Question 34

ID pathology

Answer 34

pyothorax

Question 35

ID pathology

Answer 35

Question 36

define chylous ascites

Answer 36

milky fluid in peritoneal cavity due to blockage of lymphatic drainage

Question 37

type I hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 37

vascular dilation edema smooth muscle spasm mucus production inflammation

Question 38

type I hypersensitivity immune component

Answer 38

IgE mast cells

Question 39

type II hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 39

cell lysis inflammation

Question 40

type II hypersensitivity immune component

Answer 40

IgG and IgM activate complement

Question 41

type III hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 41

necrotizing vasculitis (fibrinoid necrosis) inflammation

Question 42

type III hypersensitivity immune component

Answer 42

IgG and IgM

Question 43

type IV hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 43

perivascular cell infiltrates edema cell destruction granuloma formation

Question 44

type IV sensitivity immune component

Answer 44

T lymphocyte mediated

Question 45

define immunodeficiency disease

Answer 45

failure of immune system to protect host

Question 46

primary vs secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 46