Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

list the stages of invasion and metastasis

A
  1. transformed cells detach from main mass, penetrate basement membrane, enter extracellular matrix
  2. intravasation - extension through endothelium, interaction with lymphoid cells and coating with platelets aka form tumor emboli
  3. extravasation - extension back through endothelium, form metastatic deposit, angiogenesis
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2
Q

list the three most common metastatic routes and which tumor type it’s most common for

A
  1. hematogenous - most common for sarcomas
  2. lymphatic - most common for carcinomas
  3. transcoelomic exfoliation and implantation - route for mesotheliomas and repro carcinomas
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3
Q

describe the hematogenous route of metastasis

A

vena cava > first capillary bed > lung (mammary, skin, bone tumors)
portal vein > first capillary bed > liver (GI tumors)
lymphatics > blood vessels (thoracic duct)

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4
Q

describe the lymphatic route of metastasis

A

easy access, since have gap and minimal basal lamina

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5
Q

describe the transcoelomic exfoliation and implantation route of metastasis

A

route for mesotheliomas and some reproductive carcinomas

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6
Q

ID the pathology and metastatic route

A

mammary gland adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymphatic vessels

arrow - cohesive = carcinoma

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7
Q

ID the pathology and metastatic route

A

cholangiocellular (liver) carcinoma with transcoelomic exfoliation and implantation

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8
Q

what’s the preferential metastasis site for osteosarcoma?

A

lung

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9
Q

how is morbidity related to cancer?

A
  1. primary tumor effects (function, pain/discomfort)
  2. paraneplastic syndrome (symptom complexes NOT directly linked to local/distant tumors)
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10
Q

list some paraneoplastic syndromes

A

hypercalcemia
anorexia/cachexia
endocrinopathies

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11
Q

which tumors have hypercalcemia linked to it

A

paraneoplastic syndrome!
linked to…lymphoma in dogs/cats and apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac in dogs

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12
Q

list some sources of paraneoplastic syndrome hypercalcemia

A

increased Ca reabsorption and decreased phosphate reabsorption
release from bone
increased absorption in intestines

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13
Q

ID the pathology

A

apocrine adenocarcinoma of anal sac in dog

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14
Q

list mechanisms in which anorexia and cachexia appear as paraneoplastic syndromes

A

reduced caloric intake
metabolic alterations
increased catabolism
cytokine release

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15
Q

which tumors have endocrinopathies linked to it?

A

pituitary neoplasia - ACTH production leading to cushings
pancreatic islet cell tumor - insulin production leading to hypoglycemia

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16
Q

describe how pituitary neoplasia can lead to cushing’s.
what does cushing’s then lead to?

A

ACTH production > hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing) > calcinosis cutis

17
Q

what’s the importance of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

major contributors to clinical signs of cancer
diagnostic aid
can be markers for response to treatment

18
Q

which tumor grading schemes are established for dogs?

A

cutaneous mast cell tumor (low or high)
mammary gland neoplasia (grade I, II, III)
soft tissue sarcoma (grade I, II, III)

19
Q

what’s a very good predictor of malignant behavior in most sarcomas?

A

high mitotic index

20
Q

what tumor is known for having a high mitotic index, but then spontaneously regresses?

A

canine cutaneous histiocytoma
transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)

21
Q

ID the pathology

A

mast cell tumor

22
Q

what’s the TNM stages?

A

T - primary tumor = size of tumor
N - regional = lymph node development
M - metastatic = describe distant metastasis

23
Q
A
24
Q

Liz Brain

A

basically some diagnostic techniques can piss off the tumor and cause it to metastitize

25
Q

list techniques to mark surgical margins

A
26
Q

what would a pathologist be able to tell you regarding this?

A
27
Q

is this a complete or incomplete tumor excision?

A
28
Q

ID the pathology

A

round cell tumor - mast cell tumor

29
Q
A
30
Q
A