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A&P I > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

tissues are groups of cells of common ____ origin

A

embryonic

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2
Q

four basic tissues

A 
(ECMN)
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular 
Nervous
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3
Q

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

A

Epithelial – covering and lining; glands
Connective – connect, support, filling spaces
Muscle – generate forces that provide for movement Nervous – cell-to-cell communication

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4
Q

Tissues are formed by grouping cells together using a variety of

A

Intercellular Junctions

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5
Q

Intracellular Junctions connect adjacent cells ____ at the cell membranes or through _____ elements
within and between cells.

A

mechanically

cytoskeletal

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6
Q

What is the leakproof seal junction? ex’s

A

Tight Junctions; stomach and bladder

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7
Q

_____ make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract.

A

Adherens Junctions

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8
Q

_______ attach to the plaque, partially cross the intercellular space, and connect to cadherins from an adjacent cells

A

Cadherin (transmembrane proteins)

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9
Q

plaque (from adhesion belt junction) attaches to ____, but also has ____ connecting it to ____ from adjacent cells

A

microfilaments (actin); cadherin (transmembrane glycoprotein)

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10
Q

Desmosomes are similar to an adherens
junction, in that desmosomes have plaque
and cadherins, BUT plaque attaches to

A

intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Has transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins (instead of cadherins)?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

Gap junctions are made up of Connexons composed of connexins which allow continuity of the _____

A

cytosol

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13
Q

connexons (connexins)

A

gap junction

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14
Q

_____ tissues cover body surfaces
and form glands and line hollow organs,
body cavities, and ducts.

A

Epithelial

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15
Q

________ protect, support, and bind organs.
– Fat is a type of C.T. that stores energy.
– Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all C.T.

A

Connective tissues (C.T.)

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16
Q

_____ is used to line surfaces and form
protective barriers. Epithelium is also good
at secreting things like mucous, hormones,
and other substances . All epithelia have a
free apical surface and an attached
basal surface.

A

Epithelium

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17
Q

two surfaces of epithelia

A

free apical

attached basal

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18
Q

CT secretes

A

reticular lamina

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19
Q

Basal layer of epithelium secretes

A

basil lamina

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20
Q

basil + reticular

A

= basement membrane

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21
Q

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A 
Filtration 
Secretion 
Excretion
Absorption 
Protection
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22
Q

Flat, wide “paving stone”

A

squamous

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23
Q

cells as tall as they are wide

A

cuboidal

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24
Q

Cells taller than they are cells

wide

A

columnar

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25
Q

One layer. All cells in contact with basement membrane

A

simple

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26
Q

simple squamous examples

A

air sacs/lungs
lining of blood vessels
capillaries
major part of serous membrane

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27
Q

simple cuboidal ex’s

A

tubules of the kidneys and many other glands

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28
Q

simple columnar examples

A

GI Tract with or without the following:

+/- cilia, +/- microvilli, +/- mucous (goblet cells)

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29
Q

name of cells comes from the shape of the cells at ____

A

the free surface

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30
Q

kertininized =

A

no nucleus

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31
Q

nonkeratinized =

A

nucleus present

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32
Q

is a specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood.

A

Endothelium

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33
Q

found in serous membranes I.e. pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

A

mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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34
Q

endocrine secrete to

A

Extracellular space

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35
Q

exocrine secrete to ______; typically are

A

secrete to surface or lumen;

multicellular (except goblet cells are unicellular)

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36
Q

Three types of exocrine glands

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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37
Q

Most common manner of secretion?

No part is damaged in exocytosis

A

merocrine secretion; common in salivary gland

think Golgi complex making secretory vesicles

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38
Q

Steps in formation of secretory product

A
  1. DNA instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus
  2. synthesized in rough ER
  3. packaged in Golgi complex
  4. formed into secretory vesicle
  5. Released by exocytosis
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39
Q

“Bud” their secretions off through the plasma membrane (membrane-bound vesicles) and breaks off by “decapitation”

example?

A

Apocrine glands; milk from mammory gland

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40
Q

are produced by rupture of
the plasma membrane, releasing the entire
cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell

A

holocrine secretions I.e. sebaceous glands

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41
Q

Four basic types of tissue (CEMN)

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

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42
Q

connective tissue consists of…..

A

cells

extracellular matrix

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43
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Few cells

Abundant; ubiquitous; varied

Mainly extracellular matrix

Highly vascular (in general; cartilage is avascular, and tendons have sparse blood supply)

Does not usually occur on body surfaces

Is supplied with nerves (as is epithelial tissue)

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44
Q

Epithelium vs CT

A

Epithelium CT

cells lots few
ground sub few lots
fibers few lots
arteries none lots

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45
Q

Connective tissue cells arise from?

A

mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

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46
Q

Progression cell types?

A

-immature cells end in -blast, and are derived from mesenchyme

mature cells, or differentiated cells, end in -cyte, derived from blast cells

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47
Q

mitotically competent, secrete the matrix

A

blast

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48
Q

Mature cells have reduced capacity for cell division and matrix formation, and are generally involved with maintaining the matrix

A

– Chondroblasts become chondrocytes

– Osteoblasts become osteocytes

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49
Q

connective tissue cells move between?

A
  • compartments (mobile) I.e. WBCs
  • throughout connective tissue I.e. fibroblasts, macrophages
  • immobile or fixed (fixed macrophages in lungs or spleen or osteocytes and chondrocytes)
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50
Q

most common cell of connective tissue in general?

A

fibroblast: large, flat, migrate to secrete and maintain the matrix

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51
Q

matrix fibers

A

collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

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52
Q

which cell type has filopodia (actin) and is irregularly shaped

A

macrophages

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53
Q

two types of macrophages

A 
fixed macrophages
wandering macrophages (monocytes in blood)
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54
Q

macrophage functions

A

phagocytose debris, foreign substances (assist mast), respond to leukocytes

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55
Q

form B lymphocytes, secrete antibody, reside in connective tissue, especially GI and respiratory tracts
***accumulate in infected connective tissue

A

plasma cells

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56
Q

abundant alongside blood vessels of connective tissue and can be phagocytic

A

mast cells

57
Q

The “primary mediators” I.e. what is stored in the granules in mast cells:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. / 6.
A
  • Heparin
  • Histamines
  • Proteases
  • Aryl sulfatases
  • ECF and NCF (Eosinophil and Neutrophil chemotactic factors)
58
Q 
What are the “secondary mediators” which can be synthesized ‘on the spot’ and used immediately?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A

– Leukotrienes
– Thromboxanes
– Prostaglandins
– Cytokines

Synthesized on the spot

59
Q

signet ring-shaped cells (vacuoles of fat) / filler

A

adipose cells

60
Q

Not found in substantial numbers in normal connective tissue

A

LEUKOCYTES

61
Q

Composition and function of matrix of connective tissue?

A

Composition
– Protein fibers
– Ground substance, which may be fluid, semifluid,
gelatinous, or calcified

Function
– Occupies the spaces between cells and fibers – Provides structural support and integrity for the
connective tissue

62
Q

Composed of water and an assortment of large molecules that are typically combinations of polysaccharides and proteins

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

63
Q

Polysaccharides in the ground substance

Collectively referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Highly negatively charged, very hydrophilic

A 
– Hyaluronic acid
Following are Associated with proteins called proteoglycans
– Chondroitin sulfate
– Dermatan sulfate
– Keratan sulfate
64
Q

Proteins
Formerly called mucopolysaccharides

Form the core protein of a complex resembling a test-tube brush, with the GAGs projecting from the core
(Proteoglycan aggregate)

A

(Proteoglycan aggregate)
Hyaluronic Acid core with linker proteins connecting the
core protein with unbranched glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Look at slide 64 nerd

65
Q

Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells

together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs (vitreous body)

A

Hyaluronic acid

66
Q

____ is an enzyme that degrades

hyaluronic acid, causing connective tissue ground substance to become more liquid.

A

Hyaluronidase

67
Q

• White blood cells–helps them move more easily
through connective tissue to reach sites of infection
• Sperm cells–aids penetration of an oocyte by a
sperm cell during fertilization
• Bacteria–helps them spread through connective
tissue

A

Hyaluronidase (helps WBC’s, sperm cells, and Bacteria)

68
Q

_____ provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

A

Chondroitin sulfate

69
Q

_____ is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves

A

Dermatan sulfate

70
Q

____ is in bone, cartilage and the cornea of the eye

A

Keratan sulfate

71
Q

____is the main adhesion protein of connective tissue

A

Fibronectin

72
Q

three types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen
Elastic
reticular

73
Q

Most abundant protein in the body?

“Bundle of rope”

74
Q

small branching fibers and forms network within tissues

A

elastic fibers

75
Q

constitution of elastic fibers

A

Constitution:
– Elastin (protein)
– Fibrillin (glycoprotein)
– Fibrillin surrounds the elastin

76
Q

Locations of elastic fibers

A

skin, walls of blood vessels, lung tissue

77
Q

distensible, stretched up to 150%

A

elastic fibers

78
Q

Fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein

Fibers are much thinner than collagen fibers, and form a branching network

Provide support and strength (as does collagen)

A

RETICULAR FIBERS

79
Q

Locations

– Blood vessels tissues: areolar connective, adipose, smooth muscle

– Reticular connective tissue, forming the stroma AKA reticulum (supporting framework) of soft organs such
as spleen and lymph nodes

– Component of basement membrane

A

RETICULAR FIBERS

80
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A
  • mesenchyme

- mucous connective tissue

81
Q

mature connective tissue types

A

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Liquid

82
Q

mature connective tissues examples

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Liquid

A

Loose

  • Aerolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular

Dense

  • Regular
  • irregular
  • elastic connective

Cartilage

  • hyaline
  • fibro
  • elastic

Bone

Liquid

  • blood
  • lymph
83
Q

three types of loose connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
• Areolar connective tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Reticular connective tissue

84
Q

three types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue
• Dense regular CT
• Dense irregular CT
• Elastic connective tissue

85
Q

three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

86
Q

Present primarily in the embryo and in the fetus.

Only two types:
– Mesenchyme
– Mucous connective tissue

A

embryonic connective tissue

87
Q

§ Composed of irregularly shaped cells, a
semifluid ground substance, and reticular
fibers § Pleuripotent cells–all other connective
tissues eventually arise from mesenchyme § Located along developing bones of the
embryo and under the skin

A

mesenchyme

88
Q

pleuripotent

A

all other connective tissues eventually arise from mesenchyme

89
Q

whartons jelly
variant of mesenchyme
umbilical cord of fetus
high turgor resists compression

A

MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

90
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

– Areolar connective tissue
– Adipose tissue
– Reticular connective tissue

91
Q

Loc’s of loose connective tissue

A 
– Deep to skin
– Deep to mesothelial lining of the internal body
cavities 
– Around blood vessels (adventitia) 
– Surrounds glandular parenchyma
92
Q

Loose connective tissue attributes

A

abundance of ground substance and ECF

93
Q

Loose connective tissue cell types

A

Cells

  • Fibroblasts
  • Fat cells
  • Macrophages
  • mast cells
  • undifferentiated cell
94
Q

Loose connective tissue fibers

A
  • loosely woven collagen
  • lacey reticular
  • loosely scattered elastic
95
Q

widely distributed (one of)

contains usuals: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, white blood cells

arranged randomly

w/ adipose tissue, it forms the subcutaneous layer, attaching the skin to underlying tissues

A

areolar ct

96
Q

Loose connective tissue, well vascularized

found wherever areolar connective tissue is located

A

ADIPOSE CT

97
Q

Adipocytes are derived from _____, and are
specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats)

Adipose tissue is a good ____, and reduces
heat loss

Adipose tissue is a major ___ ____, as
well as protecting various organs

A

fibroblasts

insulator

energy reserve

protector

98
Q

Consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers
and reticular cells

Forms the stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes

In the spleen, reticular fibers remove worn out red blood cells

In the lymph nodes, reticular fibers filter lymph and remove bacteria

A

reticular CT

99
Q

reticular CT located here:

A 
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Liver sinusoids
– Bone marrow
– Smooth muscle
– Some fat tissue
– Islets of Langerhans
100
Q

DENSE CT

General locations in the body
– Parts subject to tensive forces
– Parts requiring flexibility and strength

Overall feature: more ___ than cells

Types
– Dense regular connective tissue (DRCT)
– Dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)
– Elastic connective tissue

101
Q

types of dense CT

A

– Dense regular connective tissue (DRCT)
– Dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)
– Elastic connective tissue

102
Q

Bundles of collagen fibers regularly
arranged in parallel patterns, providing
tensile strength along the axis of the fibers

Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground
substance, and are in rows between the
fibers

Examples: tendons, aponeuroses, and
most ligaments

A

DENSE REGULAR CT

103
Q

Lots Collagen fibers , no symmetry

Needed where pulling forces are exerted in various
directions

Locations:
– Dermis of skin Periosteum – Pericardium Sheath of nerves – Heart valves Kidney – Perichondrium Lymph nodes

A

DENSE IRREGULAR CT

104
Q

Locations of Dense irregular CT

A 
– Dermis of skin 
-Periosteum 
– Pericardium 
-Sheath of nerves 
– Heart valves 
-Kidney 
– Perichondrium 
-Lymph nodes
105
Q

branching elastic fibers

Fibroblasts present in spaces between the
fibers

Unstained tissue has a yellowish color due to the high numbers of elastic fibers

Has property of elasticity

A

ELASTIC CT

106
Q

FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUE

A

Connective - connect, support, filling
Epithelial – covering and lining; glands
Muscle – generate forces that provide for movement
Nervous – cell-to-cell communication

107
Q

An epithelial tissue layer plus an underlying connective tissue layer comprise an epithelial membrane, the major types being

A

mucous
serous
cutaneous (the skin)

108
Q

membranes are….

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line

109
Q

junctions in mucous membranes

110
Q

Line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior: digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tracts, much of the urinary tract

A

Mucous membranes

111
Q

consist of a lining of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria

A

Mucous membranes (mucosae)

112
Q

consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

A

Serous membranes

113
Q

does not have an epithelial layer

A

synovial membrane

114
Q

The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal. Porcine (pig) and bovine (cattle) heart valves are used for some heart valve replacement surgeries.

A

Xenotransplantation: (xeno = strange).

115
Q

cadherin is

A

transmembrane glycoprotein

116
Q

similar to adherens junction in that they have plaque and cadherins, but instead attach to intermediate filaments

A

desmosomes

117
Q

similar to desmosomes in that they have plaque and cadherins, but instead attach to microfilaments

A

adherens junction

118
Q

intermediate filament =

119
Q

two types of anchors that have keratin

A

hemidesmosome and desmosomes

120
Q

integrin

A

hemidesmosome

121
Q

desmosome cadherin or integrin?

122
Q

apocrine

A

think apop-ocrine and head pops off “decapitation”

123
Q

holocrine

A

think whole-ocrine and whole or entire cell dies

124
Q

connective tissue USUALLY does not

A

occur on body surfaces

125
Q

which cell is mitotically competent?

A

Blast cells (secrete the matrix)

126
Q

mitotically competent yet immature because they are always trying to have a ______

127
Q

mature cells like to “cyte” their references

A

sweet job nerd

128
Q

secrete antibody and reside in GI and respiratory tracts (connective tissue)

A

plasma cells

129
Q

granules in mast cells
“HHEAP”
of inflammation

A 
Heparin
Histamines
Proteases
Aryle sulfatases
ECF and NCF (Eosinophil and Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor)
130
Q

micro-foolish-men always actin a fool

A

microfilament = actin

131
Q

elastic fiber constitution

A

elastin (protein)
fibrillin (glycoprotein)

fibrillin surrounds the elastin

132
Q

reticular fibers found where:

A

spleen and lymph nodes

133
Q

stroma (scaffolding)

A

reticulum (supporting framework) of soft organs such as spleen and lymph nodes

134
Q

loose connective tissue (AAR)

A

Aerolar
Adipose
Reticular

135
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

136
Q

for types of fibers think….

A

collagen vs elastic

137
Q

mucosae (mucosal membrane) found here in GI

A

small intestine (inner lining)

138
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands

A&P I (21 decks)

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