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A&P I > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

the cell

A

the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

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2
Q

biochemical activities of cells are determined and made possible by

A

…. subcellular structures (organelles)

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3
Q

generalized eukaryotic cells - 3 main parts?

A

plasma membrane (plasmalemma)
cytoplasm
nucleus

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable barrier

cellular communication

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5
Q

Each chromosome consists of

A

a single molecule of DNA and associated packaging proteins

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6
Q

“A phospholipid bilayer with associated integral and peripheral proteins.”

A

Plasma membrane

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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

arrangement of molecules within the plasma membrane

lipids are barriers

molecules within the membrane I.e. proteins are “gatekeepers”

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8
Q

self-sealing if torn or punctured due to

A

fluidity

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9
Q

fluid membrane allows cell movement, growth, division, etc through this property

A

fluidity

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10
Q

plasma membrane allows passage of

A

lipid-soluble substances

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11
Q

plasma membrane is a barrier to

A

charged or polar substances

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12
Q

bilayer occurs because lipids are ____

A

amphipathic, having both polar and non polar parts

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13
Q

The lipid bilayer consists of:

A

Phospholipids, Cholesterol, and Glycolipids

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14
Q

what mediates membrane fluidity

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

What makes lipid bilayer less fluid (and stronger) at normal body temperatures ?

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

What Increases membrane fluidity at lower temperatures?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

cholesterol is weakly? due to what

A

amphipathic… small -OH group

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18
Q

Cholesterol forms ____ bonds with heads of ____ and _____, and fills the space between fatty acid tails

A

hydrogen;

phospholipids and glycolipids

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19
Q

______ form a lipid bilayer - cholesterol and glycolipids (sugar-lipids) also contribute.

A

Phospholipids

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20
Q

______ extend into or through the bilayer.
______ span the entire lipid bilayer.
______ attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane.

A

Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins (most integral proteins)
Peripheral proteins

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21
Q

______ are membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

A

Glycoproteins

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22
Q

The _____ is the entire “sugary coating” surrounding the membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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23
Q

The glycocalyx is made up of made up of the carbohydrate portions of the ___ and ____

A

glycolipids and glycoprotein

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24
Q

two classes of membrane proteins

A

integral and peripheral

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25
Q

peripheral proteins attach to ___ or ___

A

phospholipid heads or to integral proteins

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26
Q

protein on one side of the membrane

A

peripheral

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27
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A 
ion channels
transporters
receptors (I.e. ligand)
enzymes
cell-identity markers
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28
Q

6 different membrane proteins (ICRELC)

A 
▪ Ion channels
▪ Carriers
▪ Receptors
▪ Enzymes
▪ Linkers
▪ Cell identity markers
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29
Q

allows specific ions to move through water-filled pore

A

Ion Channel (integral)

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30
Q

carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape (I.e. amino acids)

A

Carrier (integral) also known as the “TRANSPORTERS”

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31
Q

also known as the “transporters”

A

carrier membrane protein

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32
Q

Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function ins some way (I.e. ADH in kidneys changes permeability of plasma membranes)

A

Receptor (integral)

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33
Q

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces). I.e. lactase splitting disaccharide

A

Enzyme (integral and peripheral)

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34
Q

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape fo the cell. May also help with MOVEMENT or LINKING cells together

A

Linker (integral and peripheral)

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35
Q

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless identical twins) I.e. Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins

A

Cell-Identity Marker (glycoprotein)

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36
Q

Cell-Identity marker think….

A

glycoprotein and MHC

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37
Q

sugars attached to proteins or lipids on the outer face of the plasma membrane

A

glycocalyx

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38
Q

glycocalyx may change continuously… often seen in?

A

cancer

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39
Q

Rule of Thumb: small, neutrally-charged, lipid-double substances can….? (special case?)

A

Easily or Freely pass the membrane (water is special case)

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40
Q

Water (unique) and gases
Small, fat-soluble molecules

charged ions (K+,Na+, Ca++, HPO4-, etc)

large, water-soluble molecules (e.g. proteins)

A

pass easily
pass fairly easily

don’t pass

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41
Q

the lipid bilayer is permeable to nonpolar, uncharged molecules such as __, ___, and ____

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids

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42
Q

the lipid bilayer impermeable to ions and large uncharged

polar molecules such as _____

A

glucose

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43
Q

the lipid bilayer slightly permeable to small uncharged polar molecules such as ___ and ____

A

water and urea

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44
Q

Substances that are nonpolar and lipid soluble move into and out of the cell by _____ _____ through the plasmalemma. These include:

COAFF

A 
simple diffusion;
COAFF
– Oxygen 
– Carbon dioxide 
– Fats 
– Alcohol 
– Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
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45
Q

Some polar substances can diffuse across the plasma membrane because they are small enough:

A

water and urea

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46
Q

Most water soluble particles are not able to diffuse

through the lipid bilayer because they are repelled by the ?

A

nonpolar hydrocarbon chains

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47
Q

Due to its hydrophobic interior, the plasma membrane is a physical barrier to unhindered diffusion, but molecules will passively diffuse if they are…

A

– Lipid soluble, or
– Small enough to pass through the membrane pores, or
– Assisted by carrier molecules

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48
Q

concentration gradient

A

chemical

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49
Q

electrical gradient

A

charges (electrical)

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50
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

chemical and electrical charges

51
Q

Oxygen molecules and sodium ions are more concentrated in the

A

ECF or extracellular fluid

52
Q

Carbon dioxide and potassium ions are more concentrated in the

A

cytosol

53
Q

Passive processes of movement = ?

ex’s?

A 
no energy expenditure required
– Diffusion
       • Simple diffusion
       • Osmosis
       • Facilitated diffusion 
– Filtration
54
Q

Active processes of movement require?

ex’s?

A

(energy expenditure required)

– Active transport
       • Primary active transport 
       • Secondary active transport
– Bulk transport (vesicular transport)
       • Exocytosis • Endocytosis • Transcytosis
55
Q

is the passive spread of particles through random motion, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

A

diffusion

56
Q

Diffusion is affected by:

A

– the amount of substance and the steepness of the concentration gradient.
– Temperature
– Surface area
– Diffusion distance

57
Q

Osmosis

A

▪Diffusion of solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane

58
Q

Osmosis follows the rules of diffusion:

A

▪Follows the rules of diffusion:
– Requires a concentration gradient
– Movement is from a compartment with a higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)

▪Requirements:
– Semipermeable membrane
– At least one “osmotically active” solute, i.e., one that is in higher concentration on one side and can’t pass through the membrane

▪Osmotic pressure

59
Q

tonicity of a solution is described relative to the tonicity of the…

A

intracellular fluid (cytosol) of the cell(s) involved

60
Q

Some molecules that the cell requires are too polar to diffuse through the lipid bilayer, or, like glucose, are too large to pass through membrane pores so they:

A

solute binds to protein carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a change in shape (FACILITATED DIFFUSION)

61
Q

water soluble vitamins cannot pass

A

cytoplasmic membrane

62
Q

Solutes that move by ___ ____ include glucose, fructose, galactose, and some vitamins

A

facilitated diffusion

63
Q

Foot stomp: In _____, the energy is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP. In the _____, the energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences between the two sides of a membrane.

A

primary active transport

secondary active transport

64
Q

sodium-potassium pump is a form of?

A

primary active transport (against the weird K - concentration gradient)

65
Q

In _____, the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient

A

secondary active transport

66
Q

The Na+ or H+ concentration gradient was established by primary active transport, so secondary active transport indirectly uses energy obtained from _____?

A

the hydrolysis of ATP.

67
Q

carry two substances across the membrane in

opposite directions.

A

Antiporters

68
Q

carry two substances across the membrane in the

same direction.

A

Symporters

69
Q

examples of antiporters

A

Sodium and calcium, or sodium and hydrogen

70
Q

examples of symporters

A

sodium and glucose or sodium and amino acid

71
Q

symporters and antiporters use ___ active transport

A

secondary

72
Q

three types of endocytosis?

A

– receptor-mediated endocytosis
– Phagocytosis
– bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)

73
Q

bulk transport or vesicular transport is ___ transport

A

active (uses energy)

74
Q

highly selective endocytosis, cells take up specific ligands

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

75
Q

bulk phase endocytosis

A

pinocytosis or cell drinking (invaginating with a “sip” of ECF)

76
Q

pinocytosis

A

bulk phase or cell drinking

77
Q

phagosome + lysosome =

A

phagocytosis

78
Q

clathrin with endosome to lysosome =

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

79
Q

lysosome + vesicle with dissolved solutes

A

pinocytosis

80
Q

exocytosis examples

A

– secretory cells that produce substances such as digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, etc.

– nerve cells, which release neurotransmitters

81
Q

transcytosis

A

Most often occurs across endothelial cells lining blood vessels wherein materials are moved between the blood plasma and interstitial fluid

82
Q

2 components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

83
Q

the site of chemical reactions, energy release from them, etc

A

cytosol

84
Q

spherical body that produces ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

85
Q

a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

86
Q

look at image on slide 60

A

good work

87
Q

a blob of ribosomal RNA

A

Nucleolus

88
Q

produces both ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

89
Q

produces both ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

90
Q

▪A dense complex of RNA, DNA, and protein
▪Forms around the portions of certain chromosomes having regions that code for production of ribosomes
▪Produces both ribosomal subunits.
▪Catch phrase is “blob of ribosomal RNA”

A

Nucleolus

91
Q

▪A complex of DNA and proteins

▪represents the relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus

A

Chromatin

92
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

93
Q

where amino acids are assembled into proteins (on what)

A

ribosomes

94
Q

small and large subunit, either free or attached

A

ribosomes

95
Q

both ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the….

A

nucleolus

96
Q

reside, disassembled, in the cytoplasm until needed

A

ribosomal subunits

97
Q

Subunit which initiates translation, recruits the large ribosomal subunit, and reads the mRNA

A

The small subunit

98
Q

subunit which joins the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

A

The large subunit

99
Q

ER which is more linear

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

100
Q

ER which is a network of tubules

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

101
Q

A stack of 3-20 flattened, membrane- enclosed sacs called cisternae

A

Golgi Complex

102
Q

Golgi
– Transport vesicles arriving from the rough ER fuse with the ___ face of the Golgi

– Secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes bud from the ___ face

A

cis

trans

103
Q

Golgi complex functions

A

receive “immature” proteins form rough ER
synthesize carbohydrate
“packing and export mechanism for the cell”

104
Q

▪“The powerhouses of the cell”

▪Have two membranes, outer and inner; the inner folds in many times producing cristae
▪Self-replicating—have their own DNA. Used to establish heredity-only from mother
▪Contain enzymes responsible for cellular respiration and the Krebs cycle
▪Most of the cell’s ATP is produced here (cellular respiration)

A

Mitochondria

105
Q

mitochondria are about the size of ____ and have their own _____

A

bacteria; ribosomes

106
Q

Lysosomes are where? contain?

A

vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes

107
Q

vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

108
Q

carry out autophagy (digest old organelles)

carry out autolysis (digest entire cell)

A

lysosomes

109
Q

▪Another Golgi complex product ▪Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol
▪Abundant in the liver
▪Also break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a byproduct of oxidation, using the enzyme catalase
▪New peroxisomes form from pre-existing ones by enlarging and dividing, so they are self- replicating (but they do not have DNA)

A

Peroxisomes

110
Q

▪Continuously degrade(destroy) unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
▪Found in the cytosol and the nucleus ▪Some diseases may result from failure of proteasomes to function properly, such as the abnormal proteins that accumulate in brain cells of persons with Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease

A

Proteasomes (can change shape)

111
Q

▪Membranous sacs within the cytoplasm of cells
▪Commonly formed when part of the plasma membrane folds inward and pinches off during phagocytosis
▪May be associated with lysosomes, forming a digestive vacuole
▪May be for temporary storage of material

A

Vacuoles

112
Q

▪Located near the nucleus
▪Centrioles: paired, perpendicular cylinders
▪Each cylinder composed of 9 microtubule triplets
▪Function: assembly of microtubules

A

Centrosome

113
Q

the microtubule organizing center

A

centrosome

114
Q 
▪Non-living components within cells 
▪Not bounded by membrane 
▪Most common
– Glycogen
– Lipids
– Pigments
– Crystals
A

inclusions

115
Q

A cancerous neoplasm (tumor) that tends to metastasize

A

Malignancy

116
Q

Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells.

A

Carcinoma

117
Q

A general term for any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues.

A

Sarcoma

118
Q

Alteration in the size, shape,
and organization of cells due to chronic
irritation or inflammation; may progress to
neoplasia if the conditions persist, or revert
to normal if the irritation is removed.

A

Dysplasia

119
Q

An increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.

A

Hyperplasia

120
Q

Metaplasia

A

The transformation of one cell type into another.

121
Q

-plasia:

A

“growth, cellular multiplication,”

122
Q

A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as it’s specific type; may be used to screen, diagnose, and evaluate a response to treatment, and monitor for recurrence of the cancer.

A

Tumor marker

123
Q

functions of lysosomes

A

digest -endocytosis
transport digestion into cytosol
autophagy
autolysis

A&P I (21 decks)

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