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A&P I > Exam 3 - ANS - Composition > Flashcards

Exam 3 - ANS - Composition Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is a system of visceral sensory (afferent) and visceral motor (efferent) neurons that regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and many glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

Like the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system operates via

A

reflex arcs

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3
Q

A continual flow of nerve impulses from ______ in visceral organs and blood vessels propagate into integrating centers in the central nervous system

A

autonomic sensory neurons

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4
Q

impulses in _______ propagate to various effector tissues (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands)

A

autonomic motor neurons

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system: name all three

A

-SNS, ANS, and ENS

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6
Q

-Each subdivision of the PNS has both sensory and motor neurons. The motor part of the autonomic nervous system consists of two branches:

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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7
Q

Look at slide 4 of the PPT

A

NICE!

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8
Q

Input to the ANS:

Most input to the autonomic nervous system comes from autonomic sensory neurons, which are mostly interoceptors, such as . . .

A

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood CO2 levels

Mechanoreceptors that detect the degree of stretch in walls of organs (stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, uterus) or blood vessels

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9
Q

monitor blood CO2 levels

A

Chemoreceptors

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10
Q

detect the degree of stretch in walls of organs (stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, uterus) or blood vessels

A

Mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

Input to the ANS:

The signals are not consciously perceived most of the time, but intense activation of ____ may produce conscious sensation (such as angina pectoris from inadequate blood flow to the heart)

A

interoceptors

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12
Q

regulate visceral activities by increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in their effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)

A

Autonomic neurons

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13
Q

Unlike skeletal muscle, tissues innervated by the ANS often have an _____ that enables them to continue to operate even if their nerve supply is damaged (heart beat, gastrointestinal tract contractions)

A

intrinsic function

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14
Q

ANS motor innervation:

Whereas a single myelinated somatic motor neuron extends from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibers in its motor unit, autonomic motor pathways consist of …

A

…two motor neurons in series

image on slide 7 of PDF

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15
Q

ANS motor innervation:

The first neuron has its cell body in the CNS, and its myelinated axon extends from the CNS to….

A

an autonomic ganglion. This is the pre-ganglionic neuron

image on slide 8 of PDF

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16
Q

ANS motor innervation:

The second neuron has its cell body in the ganglion, and its unmyelinated axon extends from…

A

…the ganglion to the effector. This is the post-ganglionic neuron

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17
Q

An additional difference between somatic and autonomic motor neurons is that _____ release only acetylcholine (Ach) as their neurotransmitter, but ______ release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine (NE)

A

somatic motor neurons

autonomic motor neurons

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18
Q

somatic motor neurons release….

A

… only acetylcholine (Ach) as their neurotransmitter

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19
Q

autonomic motor neurons release….

A

…either acetylcholine or norepinephrine (NE)

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20
Q

As a general principle, nerve impulses from one division of the ANS stimulate increased activity in an organ (excitation), and impulses from the other division decrease activity (inhibition), for example:

Explain the heart

Explain the GI tract

A

The heart rate is increased by an increased rate of nerve impulses from sympathetic division, and decreased by an increased rate of nerve impulses from the parasympathetic division

Muscular movements of the GI tract are slowed by sympathetic stimulation, and increased by parasympathetic stimulation

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21
Q

Dual innervation:

An increase of activity in one division of the ANS is generally accompanied by a corresponding decrease of activity in the other division. As the vertical reference line above moves to the left or right, the activity of one division increases and the activity of the other correspondingly decreases

A

Look at slide 13 of PPT for a visual

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22
Q

is called the “fight-or-flight” division because its actions result in increased alertness and increased metabolic activities

A

The sympathetic division

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23
Q

is termed the “rest-and-digest” division since its activities conserve and restore body energy and are involved in digestion

A

The parasympathetic division

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24
Q

Autonomic motor pathways consist of two neurons:

A

Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

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25
Q

The first of the two motor neurons in any autonomic motor pathway

Cell body is in the brain or spinal cord

Axon exits the CNS as part of a cranial nerve or spinal nerve

Conveys nerve impulses from the CNS to autonomic ganglia

A

Preganglionic neuron

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26
Q

The second of the two motor neurons in any autonomic motor pathway

Cell body and dendrites are in an autonomic ganglion

Relays nerve impulses from autonomic ganglia to visceral effectors

A

Postganglionic neuron

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27
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division have their cell bodies in the lateral gray horns of the 12 thoracic segments and the first 2 lumbar segments of the spinal cord

A

Sympathetic division preganglionic motor neurons

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28
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division have their cell bodies in the nuclei of cranial nerves _______, and in the lateral gray horns of the ________ segments of the spinal cord

A

III, VII, IX, and X of the brain stem

second through the fourth sacral

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29
Q

are the sites of synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic ganglia

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30
Q

Sympathetic ganglia are of two major types:

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

Prevertebral ganglia

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31
Q

Also called vertebral chain ganglia, or paravertebral ganglia

Ganglia lie in a vertical row on each side of the vertebral column

Preganglionic axons are usually short

Postganglionic axons mostly innervate organs above the diaphragm

Postganglionic axons are generally fairly long

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia:

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32
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia:

Also called….

A

vertebral chain ganglia, or paravertebral ganglia

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33
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia:

Ganglia lie in a…

A

vertical row on each side of the vertebral column

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34
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia:

______ axons are usually short

A

Preganglionic

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35
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia:

_____ axons mostly innervate organs above the diaphragm

A

Postganglionic

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36
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia:

______ axons are generally fairly long

A

Postganglionic

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37
Q

Prevertebral ganglia:

The ganglia are ____ to the vertebral column, close to the large abdominal arteries

Postganglionic axons mostly innervate organs below the diaphragm

As with paravertebral ganglia, preganglionic axons are usually short and postganglionic axons are generally fairly long

A

anterior

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38
Q

Prevertebral ganglia:

_____ axons mostly innervate organs below the diaphragm

As with paravertebral ganglia, preganglionic axons are _____ and postganglionic axons are ____

A

Postganglionic

usually short

generally fairly long

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39
Q

There are five major prevertebral ganglia:

A

Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion

More worried about first 3
Aorticorenal ganglion
Renal ganglion

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40
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia:

Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division synapse with….

Most terminal ganglia are located….

Preganglionic axons are typically ___

Postganglionic axons are…

A

…postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia

…close to or within the wall of the visceral organ

long

…short, or seemingly non-existent

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41
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia:

Parasympathetic ganglia of the head have specific names:

A

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion

Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves extend to viscera

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42
Q

Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves extend to

A

viscera

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43
Q

Axons of parasympathetic neurons extend to parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia in the walls of the colon, ureters, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs by means of ….

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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44
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia connections:

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons arriving at sympathetic trunk ganglia may connect with postganglionic neurons by….

NAME ALL FOUR EXAMPLES

A

Synapsing in the ganglion it first reaches,

OR BY…

Ascending or descending before synapsing,

OR BY…

Continuing, without synapsing, through the trunk ganglion to a prevertebral ganglion and synapsing there with postganglionic neurons,

OR BY…

Continuing without synapsing through both the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion to extend to chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullae

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45
Q

Projection patterns: sympathetic branch

This is a ____ projection pattern

Explains in part why sympathetic responses typically affect….

A

divergent

…almost the entire body, and why they do so simultaneously

46
Q

Projection patterns: sympathetic branch

Postganglionic axons of the sympathetic division usually terminate in….

A

everal effectors after leaving their ganglia

47
Q

Projection patterns: sympathetic branch

Postganglionic axons of the sympathetic division usually terminate in….

A

Several effectors after leaving their ganglia

48
Q

Projection patterns: parasympathetic branch

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons have few _____, and synapse with a limited number of postganglionic neurons, all of which are in the same ____

This is technically a divergent projection pattern (but not much divergence)

Explains in why parasympathetic responses can be localized to a single effector

A

axon collaterals

visceral effector

49
Q

Projection patterns: parasympathetic branch

This is technically a divergent projection pattern (but not much divergence)

Explains in why parasympathetic responses can be….

A

….localized to a single effector

50
Q

Projection patterns: parasympathetic branch

Parasympathetic postganglionic axons terminate in the…

A

…same effector after leaving their ganglia (rather than branching out to different effectors)

51
Q

______ are tangled networks of neurons formed jointly by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

Autonomic plexuses

52
Q

They are present in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

Many of them lie along major arteries

A

Autonomic plexuses

53
Q

Although autonomic plexuses are generally a component of autonomic motor pathways, they may also contain….

A

sympathetic ganglia and axons of autonomic sensory neurons

54
Q

Visceral afferent fibers are commonly also present in

A

autonomic plexuses

55
Q

Autonomic plexuses:

There are a number of plexuses in the body, the major ones being:

A

THORAX
ABDOMEN
PELVIS

Thorax:
Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus

Abdomen:
Celiac plexus
Superior mesenteric plexus
Inferior mesenteric plexus

Pelvis:
Hypogastric plexus
Renal plexus

56
Q

Major autonomic plexuses in the body

Thorax:

A

Cardiac plexus

Pulmonary plexus

57
Q

Major autonomic plexuses in the body

Abdomen:

A

Celiac plexus
Superior mesenteric plexus
Inferior mesenteric plexus

58
Q

Major autonomic plexuses in the body

Pelvis:

A

Hypogastric plexus

Renal plexus

59
Q

at the base of the heart, it surrounds the large blood vessels emerging from the heart. It is contributed to by both post-ganglionic sympathetic and pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Sympathetic neurons to this plexus increase heart rate and contractility. Parasympathetic innervation, provided by the vagus nerve, supplies fibers to the heart that slow heart rate.

A

Cardiac plexus:

60
Q

posterior to each lung, sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system serve the lungs, bronchi, and pulmonary blood vessels.

Sympathetic innervation causes bronchodilation.

Parasympathetic pathway causes bronchoconstriction and increased secretion from mucous glands of the bronchial tree

A

Pulmonary plexus:

61
Q

It is contributed to by both post-ganglionic sympathetic and pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Sympathetic neurons to this plexus increase heart rate and contractility. Parasympathetic innervation, provided by the vagus nerve, supplies fibers to the heart that slow heart rate.

A

Cardiac plexus:

62
Q

Pulmonary plexus:

Sympathetic innervation causes…

Parasympathetic pathway causes…

A

…bronchodilation.

…bronchoconstriction and increased secretion from mucous glands of the bronchial tree

63
Q

Celiac plexus (AKA solar plexus): the largest autonomic plexus, it surrounds the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, and is at the level of the last thoracic / first lumbar vertebrae.

Superior mesenteric plexus: supplies the small and large intestine

Inferior mesenteric plexus: innervates the large intestine

A

Abdominal plexuses

64
Q

Abdominal plexuses all three?

A

Celiac plexus (AKA solar plexus): the largest autonomic plexus, it surrounds the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, and is at the level of the last thoracic / first lumbar vertebrae.

Superior mesenteric plexus: supplies the small and large intestine

Inferior mesenteric plexus: innervates the large intestine

65
Q

Hypogastric plexus: supplies pelvic viscera, which comprises the urinary bladder and genital organs

Renal plexus: located near the kidneys (as the name implies), supplies renal arteries within the kidneys and the ureters

A

Pelvic plexuses

66
Q

Pelvic plexuses

A

Hypogastric plexus: supplies pelvic viscera, which comprises the urinary bladder and genital organs

Renal plexus: located near the kidneys (as the name implies), supplies renal arteries within the kidneys and the ureters

67
Q

Cell bodies are part of the lateral horns of all thoracic segments plus the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord through the anterior root of a spinal nerve along with somatic motor neurons at the same level, and exit through the intervertebral foramina

The axons are myelinated

A

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

68
Q

The myelinated axons pass through a white ramus communicans to enter an adjoining paravertebral (chain) ganglion, thereby forming part of the sympathetic trunk, AKA sympathetic chain

A

White rami communicantes

69
Q

White rami communicantes are present only in the thoracic and first two lumbar nerves (T1-L2), since those are the only regions with sympathetic outflow

A

White rami communicantes

70
Q

______ are paired, one on each side of the vertebral column, typically consisting of:

3 cervical ganglia 
11 or 12 thoracic ganglia 
4 or 5 lumbar ganglia 
4 or 5 sacral ganglia 
1 coccygeal ganglion (fused at midline)
A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

71
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia are paired, one on each side of the vertebral column, typically consisting of:

A 
3 cervical ganglia 
11 or 12 thoracic ganglia 
4 or 5 lumbar ganglia 
4 or 5 sacral ganglia 
1 coccygeal ganglion (fused at midline)
72
Q

Cervical ganglia:

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that serve the head and neck emerge from spinal cord segments T1 – T6, and ascend to synapse with postganglionic neurons within cervical ganglia in the neck, comprising:

A

Superior cervical ganglion
Middle cervical ganglion
Inferior cervical ganglion

73
Q

Cervical ganglia:

Superior cervical ganglion postganglionic sympathetic fibers supply the head and heart

A 
Sweat glands
Smooth muscle of the eye
Blood vessels of the face 
Salivary glands 
Pineal gland 
Lacrimal glands 
Heart
74
Q

Cervical ganglia:

Middle cervical ganglion and inferior cervical ganglion postganglionic sympathetic fibers supply the ____

A

heart

75
Q

Which cervical ganglia supply the heart

A

middle and inferior cervical ganglion

76
Q

The thoracic region receives most of the….

A

sympathetic preganglionic axons

77
Q

Postganglionic fibers from the thoracic sympathetic trunk innervate . . .

A 
Heart 
Lungs 
Bronchi 
Sweat glands 
Blood vessels of the skin 
Arrectores pilorum muscles
78
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways

Axons leave the sympathetic trunk in four possible ways:

A

Enter spinal nerves
Form cephalic periarterial nerves
Form sympathetic nerves
Form splanchnic nerves

79
Q

What are the four ways that axons leave the sympathetic trunk?

A

Enter spinal nerves
Form cephalic periarterial nerves
Form sympathetic nerves
Form splanchnic nerves

80
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: enter a spinal nerve

Some incoming sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons either in the ganglion at the level of entry, or farther up or down the sympathetic chain

A

True

81
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: enter a spinal nerve

Axons of those postganglionic neurons leave the trunk by means of a…
and then merge with?

A

…gray ramus (gray ramus communicans)

then merge with the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve

82
Q

what is the gray ramus communicans?

A

AKA the gray ramus, in which the sympathetic trunk pathway of a spinal nerve has axons of postganglonic neurons that leave the trunk via the gray ramus and then merge with the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve

83
Q

Sympathetic chains:

Axon collaterals from preganglionic neurons may pass up or down the sympathetic trunk for a variable distance, forming….

A

…sympathetic chains, which are the fibers on which the ganglia are located

84
Q

Gray rami communicantes:

Unmyelinated postganglionic axons pass through a gray ramus communicans to connect the….

A

….ganglia of the sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves

85
Q

Rami communicantes:

Since gray rami communicantes are associated with all spinal nerves, they outnumber white rami communicantes, which are associated with…

A

…only the thoracic nerves and two or three lumbar nerves

86
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: cephalic periarterial nerves

Some preganglionic neurons ascend in the sympathetic trunk to the _____, where they synapse with postganglionic neurons

A

superior cervical ganglion

87
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: cephalic periarterial nerves

Those postganglionic neurons extend to the head by wrapping around and following certain arteries (such as the carotid artery) from the neck to the head, forming….

A

cephalic periarterial nerves

88
Q

cephalic periarterial nerves

A

postganglionic neurons extend to the head by wrapping around and following certain arteries (such as the carotid artery) from the neck to the head

89
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: cephalic periarterial nerves

Cephalic periarterial nerves supply sympathetic innervation to

A
  • skin of the face (sweat glands, smooth muscle of blood vessels, arrectores pilorum muscles)
  • visceral effectors of the head (smooth muscles of the eye, lacrimal glands, pineal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands)
90
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: sympathetic nerves

After synapsing with preganglionic neurons, some postganglionic neurons form sympathetic nerves that extend to visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity, providing:

A

Sympathetic nerves to the heart (the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and first through fourth thoracic ganglia)

Sympathetic nerves to smooth muscle of bronchi and lungs

91
Q

Some sympathetic preganglionic neurons pass through the trunk without terminating in it. They then form nerves called

A

splanchnic nerves (SPLANK-nik) that generally extend to prevertebral ganglia

92
Q

what do splanchnic nerves typically extend to?

A

prevertebral ganglia

93
Q

Splanchnic(pertaining to the viscera) nerves are formed by ______ that pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it, then terminate in prevertebral ganglia

A

preganglionic axons

94
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the greater splanchnic nerve supply . . .

A 
Liver 
Stomach 
Spleen 
Small intestine 
Kidney
95
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the lesser splanchnic nerve innervate . . .

A

Small intestine

Colon

96
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the lumbar splanchnic nerve innervate . . .

A

Colon
Rectum
Genitals
Urinary bladder

97
Q

Adrenal medulla

Although there are no postganglionic neurons from the adrenal medullae, developmentally the adrenal medullae are derived from the same type of precursor cell (chromaffin cell) that gives rise to postganglionic neurons elsewhere in the body.

A

Anymore brain busters?

98
Q

Adrenal medulla

the adrenal medullae themselves comprise a large complex of ______, the cells of which release hormones into the blood (mostly epinephrine, some norepinephrine, a trace of dopamine)

A

postganglionic neurons

99
Q

_____ extend to the adrenal medullae

A

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

100
Q

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Cell bodies are in nuclei in the ______ of the second through fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord

A

brain stem and in the lateral horns

101
Q

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Axons emerge as part of a cranial nerve, or as part of the anterior root of a spinal nerve:

The ______ consists of preganglionic axons from the brain stem in four of the cranial nerves

The ______ comprises preganglionic axons in anterior roots of the second through fourth sacral spinal nerves

The axons are myelinated, and end in terminal ganglia close to the organ they innervate

A

cranial parasympathetic outflow

sacral parasympathetic outflow

102
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia

Paired (left and right), and located close to the organs they innervate:

A

Ciliary ganglia located near the posterior aspect of each eyeball; preganglionic axons from oculomotor nerves (CN III); postganglionic axons innervate smooth muscles in eyeball

Pterygopalatine ganglia (ter-i-gō-PAL-a-tin); preganglionic axons from facial (VII) nerves; postganglionic axons to nasal mucosa, pharynx, and to lacrimal glands

103
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia

Paired (left and right), and located close to the organs they innervate:

______ located near the posterior aspect of each eyeball; preganglionic axons from oculomotor nerves (CN III); postganglionic axons innervate smooth muscles in eyeball

_______ (ter-i-gō-PAL-a-tin); preganglionic axons from facial (VII) nerves; postganglionic axons to nasal mucosa, pharynx, and to lacrimal glands

A

Ciliary ganglia

Pterygopalatine ganglia

104
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia:

_____ located near submandibular salivary gland ducts; preganglionic axons from facial (VII) nerves; postganglionic axons to submandibular salivary glands and sublingual salivary glands

Otic ganglia inferior to each foramen ovale; pregangliionic axons from glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves; postganglionic axons to parotid salivary glands

A

Submandibular ganglia

105
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia:

_____ inferior to each foramen ovale; pregangliionic axons from glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves; postganglionic axons to parotid salivary glands

A

Otic ganglia

106
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia

List four examples:

A

Ciliary ganglia

Pterygopalatine ganglia

Submandibular ganglia

Otic ganglia

107
Q

Vagal outflow

Most (80%) of the total craniosacral outflow is carried by preganglionic axons that leave the brain as part of the vagus nerves (cranial nerve X)
The vagus nerve sends axons to the . . .

A 
Heart 
Airways of the lungs 
Liver 
Gallbladder 
Stomach 
Pancreas 
Small intestine 
Large intestine
108
Q

Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves

Preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic outflow form pelvic splanchnic nerves, the postganglionic neurons of which innervate smooth muscle and glands in . . .

A

Colon
Ureters
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder

109
Q

Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves

Preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic outflow form ______, the postganglionic neurons of which innervate smooth muscle and glands in . . .

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

110
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglia AKA

A

vertebral chain ganglia

paravertebral ganglia

A&P I (21 decks)

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