Exam 3 - Cerebrum, Homeostatic Disorders Flashcards
Deep to the cortex is
cerebral white matter (There are also gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter)
Each fold is a ____
A ___ is a shallow groove between gyri
gyrus
sulcus
Each fold is a ____
A ___ is a shallow groove between gyri
gyrus
sulcus
Deeper grooves between gyri are termed
fissures
____ fissure is the most prominent, separating the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
The longitudinal
The gyri and fissures are formed during…
…embryonic development when the gray matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter
Each hemisphere functions _____, being separated by the longitudinal fissure
virtually independently from the other
They communicate by means of a commissure called the _____ (kal-LŌ-sum, hard body), which is the largest fiber bundle in the brain
corpus callosum
the largest fiber bundle in the brain
corpus callosum
Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into four lobes, named after
the bones that covers each of them
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
The central sulcus
separates the frontal and temporal lobes
The lateral cerebral sulcus
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
The parieto-occipital sulcus
The central sulcus separarates
frontal from parietal
The lateral cerebral sulcus separates the
frontal and temporal
The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the
parietal lobe from occipital
contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
Association tracts
contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. An example?
Commissural tracts
The corpus callosum is an example
contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. An example?
Projection tracts
The internal capsule is an example
The important groups of commissural tracts are the…
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure
The basal ganglia is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere:
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
which are part of the Lentiform nucleus
which is part of the Corpus striatum
Basal ganglia: Name is an exception to the normal meaning of ganglia, since the term ganglia is usually applied to collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Thanks man
The __ and ___ are separated from the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia by the internal capsule, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus.
The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus
The lentiform nucleus consists of the
putamen and the globus pallidus
a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus.
internal capsule
help regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone
Basal ganglia
action selection, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time.. regulated by?
It is thought that the basal ganglia are also involved in active selection
The basal ganglia play a role in movement disorders, most notably…
Parkinson disease, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
Huntington’s disease which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum
in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
Parkinson disease
which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum
Huntington’s disease
Damage to the basal ganglia results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements.
Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have . . .
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
ADHD
is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger
limbic system
Where is the limbic system?
Its cerebral structures encircle the upper part of the brain stem
Main components of the limbic system are
Hippocampus Amygdala Limbic lobe Dentate gyrus Cingulate gyrus Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus Olfactory bulbs Fornix
plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories.
hippocampus
are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness
amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei)
synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations
Olfactory bulbs
lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus
It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory
cingulate gyrus
It coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain
cingulate gyrus
is a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus
fornix
arch over the thalamus
fornix
It carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus
fornix
is critical for the formation of new autobiographical and fact memories in that it functions as a memory “gateway” through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain.
hippocampus
Hippocampal damage can result in _____, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe. Someone who sustains an injury to the hippocampus may have good memory of childhood and the years before the injury, but relatively little memory of anything that happened since.
anterograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
Hippocampal damage
The _____ is the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements. It is therefore the seat of consciousness.
cerebral cortex
It is composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts
cerebral cortex
executive suite of NS
cerebral cortex
seat of consciousness
cerebral cortex
Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the
opposite (contralateral) side of the body
The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is _______of cortical function.
lateralization (specialization)
No functional area of the cortex acts alone. Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another.
True
General areas of the cerebral cortex:
______ receive and interpret sensory impulses
______ initiate movements
______ communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs
Sensory areas
Motor areas
Association areas
What do association areas of the cerebral cortex do?
Association areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs
_____ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis
Primary sensory areas
_____ are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions
Primary motor areas
______, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.
Association areas
Areas 44 and 45 (PPT Slide 30) in the frontal lobe
Planning and production of speech occurs in Broca’s speech area.
Nerve impulses then pass to premotor regions that control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth, as well as to muscles that control breathing for air flow over the vocal cords.
Broca’s speech area
Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes
It interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
Wernicke’s Area
_____ is an inability to use or to comprehend words
The ____cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)
Aphasia (a-FĀ-zē-a, without speech)
left
Damage to _____ results in non-fluent aphasia, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak
Broca’s speech area
Damage to ______ results in fluent aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words. People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”)
Wernicke’s area
Persons with ____may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both
fluent aphasia
In about 90% of the population the _____ has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic
The other hemisphere (usually the right) is more involved in ______
This functional (and perhaps associated anatomical) asymmetry is termed ______
left hemisphere
visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music
hemispheric lateralization
_____ is a disabling senile dementia (the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself) that affects the elderly
The cause is unknown, but appears to be a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental or lifestyle factors, and the aging process itself
Alzheimer disease
General progression of the _____ disease:
Persons initially have trouble remembering recent events
They then become confused and forgetful, often repeating questions or getting lost while traveling to familiar places
Disorientation grows, and memories of past events disappear
The ability to read, write, talk, eat, and walk disappears
Death is usually attributable to a complication that afflicts bedridden patients, such as pneumonia
Alzheimer disease
Alzheimer disease
Brain abnormalities at autopsy include: (LIST ALL 3)
____ that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of Alzheimer disease
______, clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
______, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions
Loss of neurons
Beta-amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer disease Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:
Loss of neurons that…
…liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of Alzheimer disease
Alzheimer disease Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:
Beta-amyloid plaques, clusters of….
abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
Alzheimer disease Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:
Neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal bundles of….
….protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions
A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury
Concussion.
Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels
Contusion.
Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron
Free radical(s).
Localized pool of blood, usually clotted
Hematoma.
Oxygen deprivation
Hypoxia.
Localized reduction of blood flow
Ischemia.
A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space
Laceration.
Pathologic death of living tissue
Necrosis / necrotic.
Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke
Cerebrovascular accident.
Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain
Transient Ischemic attack (TIA).
Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign
Brain tumor.
Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
Agnosia.
Inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis
Apraxia.
Condition of functional sluggishness
Lethargy.
Potentially fatal syndrome that particularly affects the brain and liver, which occurs after a viral infection, especially chickenpox or influenza, most often in children or teens who have taken aspirin
Reye’s syndrome (RĪZ).
Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly, and only by vigorous and repeated stimulation
Stupor.
