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A&P I > Exam 3 - Cerebrum, Homeostatic Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Cerebrum, Homeostatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Deep to the cortex is

A

cerebral white matter (There are also gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter)

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2
Q

Each fold is a ____

A ___ is a shallow groove between gyri

A

gyrus

sulcus

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3
Q

Each fold is a ____

A ___ is a shallow groove between gyri

A

gyrus

sulcus

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4
Q

Deeper grooves between gyri are termed

A

fissures

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5
Q

____ fissure is the most prominent, separating the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

A

The longitudinal

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6
Q

The gyri and fissures are formed during…

A

…embryonic development when the gray matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter

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7
Q

Each hemisphere functions _____, being separated by the longitudinal fissure

A

virtually independently from the other

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8
Q

They communicate by means of a commissure called the _____ (kal-LŌ-sum, hard body), which is the largest fiber bundle in the brain

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

the largest fiber bundle in the brain

A

corpus callosum

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10
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into four lobes, named after

A

the bones that covers each of them

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11
Q

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

The central sulcus

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12
Q

separates the frontal and temporal lobes

A

The lateral cerebral sulcus

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13
Q

separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

A

The parieto-occipital sulcus

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14
Q

The central sulcus separarates

A

frontal from parietal

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15
Q

The lateral cerebral sulcus separates the

A

frontal and temporal

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16
Q

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the

A

parietal lobe from occipital

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17
Q

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

A

Association tracts

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18
Q

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. An example?

A

Commissural tracts

The corpus callosum is an example

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19
Q

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. An example?

A

Projection tracts

The internal capsule is an example

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20
Q

The important groups of commissural tracts are the…

A

Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure

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21
Q

The basal ganglia is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere:

A

Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus

which are part of the Lentiform nucleus

which is part of the Corpus striatum

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22
Q

Basal ganglia: Name is an exception to the normal meaning of ganglia, since the term ganglia is usually applied to collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

A

Thanks man

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23
Q

The __ and ___ are separated from the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia by the internal capsule, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus.

A

The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus

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24
Q

The lentiform nucleus consists of the

A

putamen and the globus pallidus

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25
Q

a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus.

A

internal capsule

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26
Q

help regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone

A

Basal ganglia

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27
Q

action selection, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time.. regulated by?

A

It is thought that the basal ganglia are also involved in active selection

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28
Q

The basal ganglia play a role in movement disorders, most notably…

A

Parkinson disease, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate

Huntington’s disease which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum

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29
Q

in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate

A

Parkinson disease

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30
Q

which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum

A

Huntington’s disease

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31
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements.

Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have . . .

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

ADHD

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32
Q

is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger

A

limbic system

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33
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

Its cerebral structures encircle the upper part of the brain stem

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34
Q

Main components of the limbic system are

A 
Hippocampus
Amygdala 
Limbic lobe 
Dentate gyrus 
Cingulate gyrus  
Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus 
Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus 
Olfactory bulbs 
Fornix
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35
Q

plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories.

A

hippocampus

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36
Q

are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness

A

amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei)

37
Q

synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations

A

Olfactory bulbs

38
Q

lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum

A

cingulate gyrus

39
Q

It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory

A

cingulate gyrus

40
Q

It coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain

A

cingulate gyrus

41
Q

is a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus

A

fornix

42
Q

arch over the thalamus

A

fornix

43
Q

It carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus

A

fornix

44
Q

is critical for the formation of new autobiographical and fact memories in that it functions as a memory “gateway” through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain.

A

hippocampus

45
Q

Hippocampal damage can result in _____, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe. Someone who sustains an injury to the hippocampus may have good memory of childhood and the years before the injury, but relatively little memory of anything that happened since.

A

anterograde amnesia

46
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Hippocampal damage

47
Q

The _____ is the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements. It is therefore the seat of consciousness.

A

cerebral cortex

48
Q

It is composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts

A

cerebral cortex

49
Q

executive suite of NS

A

cerebral cortex

50
Q

seat of consciousness

A

cerebral cortex

51
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the

A

opposite (contralateral) side of the body

52
Q

The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is _______of cortical function.

A

lateralization (specialization)

53
Q

No functional area of the cortex acts alone. Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another.

A

True

54
Q

General areas of the cerebral cortex:

______ receive and interpret sensory impulses

______ initiate movements

______ communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs

A

Sensory areas

Motor areas

Association areas

55
Q

What do association areas of the cerebral cortex do?

A

Association areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs

56
Q

_____ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis

A

Primary sensory areas

57
Q

_____ are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions

A

Primary motor areas

58
Q

______, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.

A

Association areas

59
Q

Areas 44 and 45 (PPT Slide 30) in the frontal lobe

Planning and production of speech occurs in Broca’s speech area.

Nerve impulses then pass to premotor regions that control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth, as well as to muscles that control breathing for air flow over the vocal cords.

A

Broca’s speech area

60
Q

Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes

It interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

A

Wernicke’s Area

61
Q

_____ is an inability to use or to comprehend words

The ____cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)

A

Aphasia (a-FĀ-zē-a, without speech)

left

62
Q

Damage to _____ results in non-fluent aphasia, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak

A

Broca’s speech area

63
Q

Damage to ______ results in fluent aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words. People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”)

A

Wernicke’s area

64
Q

Persons with ____may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both

A

fluent aphasia

65
Q

In about 90% of the population the _____ has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic

The other hemisphere (usually the right) is more involved in ______

This functional (and perhaps associated anatomical) asymmetry is termed ______

A

left hemisphere

visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music

hemispheric lateralization

66
Q

_____ is a disabling senile dementia (the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself) that affects the elderly

The cause is unknown, but appears to be a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental or lifestyle factors, and the aging process itself

A

Alzheimer disease

67
Q

General progression of the _____ disease:

Persons initially have trouble remembering recent events

They then become confused and forgetful, often repeating questions or getting lost while traveling to familiar places

Disorientation grows, and memories of past events disappear

The ability to read, write, talk, eat, and walk disappears

Death is usually attributable to a complication that afflicts bedridden patients, such as pneumonia

A

Alzheimer disease

68
Q

Alzheimer disease

Brain abnormalities at autopsy include: (LIST ALL 3)

____ that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of Alzheimer disease

______, clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons

______, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions

A

Loss of neurons

Beta-amyloid plaques

Neurofibrillary tangles

69
Q

Alzheimer disease Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:

Loss of neurons that…

A

…liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of Alzheimer disease

70
Q

Alzheimer disease Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:

Beta-amyloid plaques, clusters of….

A

abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons

71
Q

Alzheimer disease Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:

Neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal bundles of….

A

….protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions

72
Q

A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury

A

Concussion.

73
Q

Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels

A

Contusion.

74
Q

Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron

A

Free radical(s).

75
Q

Localized pool of blood, usually clotted

A

Hematoma.

76
Q

Oxygen deprivation

A

Hypoxia.

77
Q

Localized reduction of blood flow

A

Ischemia.

78
Q

A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space

A

Laceration.

79
Q

Pathologic death of living tissue

A

Necrosis / necrotic.

80
Q

Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke

A

Cerebrovascular accident.

81
Q

Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain

A

Transient Ischemic attack (TIA).

82
Q

Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign

A

Brain tumor.

83
Q

Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

84
Q

Inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch

A

Agnosia.

85
Q

Inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis

A

Apraxia.

86
Q

Condition of functional sluggishness

A

Lethargy.

87
Q

Potentially fatal syndrome that particularly affects the brain and liver, which occurs after a viral infection, especially chickenpox or influenza, most often in children or teens who have taken aspirin

A

Reye’s syndrome (RĪZ).

88
Q

Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly, and only by vigorous and repeated stimulation

A

Stupor.

A&P I (21 decks)

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