Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P I > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

The carrier of genetic information

A

Chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An ordinary chromosome; does not determine sex

A

Autosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Humans are ____, meaning there are two
of every general type of chromosome in
ordinary body cells—i.e. a homologous pair

A

diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

– Have the same linear sequence of genes
– Look alike
– Pair during meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The position of a gene on its chromosome; the position of a gene on the genetic map

A

Locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The region or regions of a chromosome with which the spindle fibers become associated during mitosis and meiosis

A

Centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

protect the tips of chromosomes

A

telomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

shorten with each cycle of cell division (age)

A

telomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gametic number (eggs and sperm)

A

n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

somatic number (ordinary body cells)

A

2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chromatin

A

relaxed chromsomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

copying DNA to RNA (mRNA) in nucleus

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

assembly of new protein using mRNA

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (total = 46)

A

human somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The two chromosomes that make up each pair are called

homologous chromosomes

A

homologs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the cell is not dividing, but cell replicates DNA here

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

G1, S, and G2

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

replication of DNA occurs in

A

S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

consists of a nuclear division (mitosis)
and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
to form two identical cells

A

Mitotic phase (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

exit from cell phase

A

Go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the chromatin fibers change into chromosomes

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell; the chromatids are now called chromosomes

A

anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

two identical nuclei formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form

A

telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When does cytokinesis occur

A

usually begins in late anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

plasma membrane constricts in middle forming….

A

cleavage furrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

___ begins when cytokinesis is complete

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • the cell is not dividing
  • The cell replicates its DNA in S Phase
  • Consists ofthree phases, G1, S, and G2
A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the chromatin fibers change into chromosomes.

A

prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate.

A

metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produces games with half the number of chromosomes

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes

A

haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

restores the diploid number of chromosomes (46)

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

begins with a diploid cell and ends with two cells having the haploid number of chromosomes;

A

Meiosis I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In ____ , each of the two haploid cells divides, and the

net result is four haploid gametes that are genetically different from the original diploid starting cell.

A

Meiosis II,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

gametes are produced by

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

is a reductive division from 2n to n

A

meiosis I

38
Q

Meiosis I ends with __ haploid cells

A

2 haploid cells

39
Q

Meiosis II ends with ___ haploid cells

A

4 haploid cells

40
Q

crossing over happens here (exchanging genetic information)

A

Prophase I

41
Q

formation of tetrads (post crossing over) occurs here

A

Prophase I

42
Q

consists of decoupling each chromosome’s sister strands (chromatids), then segregating the DNA into two sets (each set having one of each homologue)

A

Meiosis II

43
Q

In Meiosis II, Two haploid cells with replicated ___ ___ go to form four haploid cells with __, ___ molecules of DNAs

A

sister chromatids

single, unreplicated

44
Q

What is the following: Chromatids of homologous chromosomes form chiasmata wherein matching regions break and then reconnect to the other chromosome.

A

crossing over

45
Q

chiasmata is….

A

site of crossing over or where chromosomes touch / overlap

46
Q

which chromosome determines sex in mammals?

A

23

47
Q

in humans there are 22 pairs of _____ and one pair of ___

A

autosomes; sex chromosomes

48
Q

How many sister chromatids in homologous chromosomes?

A

4 total chromosomes with two sets of sister chromatids

49
Q

A person with the same alleles on homologous
chromosomes (for example, AA or aa) is said to be
____ for that gene

A

homozygous

50
Q

An individual with different alleles on homologous chromosomes (Aa) is said to be _____ for that
gene (or trait, or protein… same thing)

A

heterozygous

51
Q

The _____ refers to genetic makeup of an individual

A

genotype

52
Q

the ____ refers to their physical or outward appearance (the expression of the gene)

A

phenotype

53
Q

masks the other allele

A

dominant allele

54
Q

is masked by the dominate allele

A

recessive allele

55
Q

There are two antigens and two antibodies responsible for ABO types; name all four

A

Type A - has Anti-B antibody
Type B - has Anti-A antibody
Type AB - has neither antibody
Type O - - has Both Anti-B and Anti-A antibody

56
Q

ABO type is determined by

A

glycocalyx carbohydrates

57
Q

To determine the ABO type, blood is are mixed with different _____ of known type. Agglutination occurs when the red cell antigens (which are unknown) correspond to the ____ in the antisera (which are known). This is called forward typing.

A

antisera

antibodies

58
Q

DD

A

Dwarfism

59
Q

The most common cause of dwarfism is

A

achondroplasia

60
Q

genetic disorders in bone or cartilage development causing dwarfism

A

(skeletal dysplasias such as achondroplasia)

61
Q

Forms of extreme shortness characterized by proportional body parts usually have a hormonal or nutritional cause such as growth hormone deficiency

A

(AKA “pituitary dwarfism”)

62
Q

85% of children with _____ are born to average size parents

A

achondroplasia

63
Q

achondroplasia means a de novo mutation

A

mutation prior to conception

64
Q

Punnet square

A

inheritance chart

65
Q

aa would cause

A

albinism

66
Q

The Punnett square gives the possible ____ and the ratio of their probabilities, from which _____ information can be derived.

A

genotypes

phenotype

67
Q

_____ is when an individual is born

with chromosomes added or missing

A

Aneuploidy

68
Q

In _____ the cells are missing 1

chromosome

A

monosomy

69
Q

In _____ cells have an additional chromosome. A common trisomy is Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) where the cells have three of the number 21 chromosome

A

trisomy

70
Q

Rh in Blood type - Considered as three closely linked genes, the gene of major importance is the Rh or D gene having the alleles

A

– D, dominant
– d, recessive

The major antigen Rh or D is the most common cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (AKA erythroblastosis fetalis when the D antigen is involved)

71
Q

Genotype Phenotypes for Rh

A

DD Dd dd

Rh positive Rh positive Rh negative

72
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is with __ mother and __ fetus; mother produces anti-Rh antibodies

A

Rh- mother

Rh+ fetus

73
Q

treatment for mother is IgG anti-D antibodies

A

Rhogam

74
Q

meiosis followed by spermatogenesis produces sperm with

A

X or Y chromosome

75
Q

an persons sex is determined by the

A

father

76
Q

all females oocytes are XX

A

True

77
Q

fertilization with Y containing sperm produces a

A

male

78
Q

sex linkage is synonymous with X linkage

A

true

79
Q

X linkage refers to genes on the—

A

X chromosome

80
Q

Males transmit X chromosomes only to

A

their daughters

81
Q

father to son inheritance

A

heterogamete to heterogamete inheritance

82
Q

(meaning “not coming apart”) is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division.

– Loss of a single chromosome through
nondisjunction results in a ____

– Gain of a single chromosome is a ____.

A

Nondisjunction

monosomy

trisomy

83
Q

Karotype: 47, XX, +21 means

A

Trisomy 21

84
Q

Termed Klinefelter’s syndrome, it is the most common human sex chromosome disorder. Symbology is 47, XXY. This is not hermaphroditism.

A

AKA XXY.

85
Q

most common human sex chromosome disorder

A

klinefelters or 47, XXY (not hermaphroditism)

86
Q

Termed Turner’s syndrome

A

AKA XO. or 45, XO

87
Q

simple squamous where?

A

epithelial membranes and lines blood vessels

88
Q

columnar where?

A

digestive tract and organs

89
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar?

A

Upper respiratory tract i.e. trachea

90
Q

transitional where?

A

bladder

91
Q

cuboidal where?

A

ducts and sweat glands

A&P I (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions