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Aicp2 > Timeline > Flashcards

Timeline Flashcards

1
Q

Inventor of Ancient Planning

A

Hippodamus in Ancient Greece, made grids to utilize the sun

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2
Q

City of Ur

A

Mesopotamia, divided cities into quarters for merchants, artisans, etc.

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3
Q

Decumanus

A

Roman Planning - E/W roads

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4
Q

Cardo

A

Roman Planning - N/S Roads

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5
Q

Holy Field

A

Ancient Chinese Planning - 9 squares around a central square where the capital was located

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6
Q

Egyptian Planning

A

Building of grids with administration and religion in the center and a Royal Road for the King. Housing was north and south of this.

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7
Q

Indian Planning

A

Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira & Mohenjo-Daro featured grids, alleys, minor streets, and major roads. Harappa had noise reducing houses.

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8
Q

Grand Model for the Province of Carolina

A

1670 - Influenced colonial settlement and town building. Included Town Planning, Wide Streets, Standard Rectangular Lots, Public Square, Reserved Lots for Civic Buildings and Greenbelts.

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9
Q

Oglethorpe Plan

A

1730 - Savannah, GA Distinctive street network of residential blocks, commercial blocks, small green parks, and walkable neighborhoods.

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10
Q

Garden City Movement

A

1898 - Sir Ebenezer Howard - Self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts with proportionate residences and agriculture. Decentralized work from the City Center

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11
Q

L’Enfant Plan for DC

A

Made in 1792 with help from Andrew Ellicott

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12
Q

NY Tenement House Law

A

1901 - New building standards to reduced dumbbell tenement, include light through windows and courtyards

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13
Q

McMillan Plan

A

1902 - Redesigned the DC National Mall to include Lincoln and Grant Memorials

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14
Q

First De Facto City Planning Commission

A

1902 - Cleveland, Ohio. Local Chapter of AIA formed a de facto planning commission.

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15
Q

Letchworth

A

1903 - First Garden City in UK

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16
Q

Public Lands Commission

A

1903 - Teddy Roosevelt signs into law, run by Gifford Pinchot and determined purposes of public land

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17
Q

Antiquities Act

A

1906 - Teddy Roosevelt signs into law, preserved archaeological sites. Devils’ Tower was the first.

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18
Q

NY Congestion Committee

A

1907 - Florence Kelley and Mary Simkovich form a coalition to remedy overcrowding in the poorest parts of NYC

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19
Q

First Official Planning Commission

A

1907 - In Hartford, CT

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20
Q

NY Congestion Exhibit

A

1908 - Result of NY Congestion Committee. At Museum of Natural History and toured the US, pushing for overcrowding reform.

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21
Q

Ford Launches Model T

A

1908 - Everything goes to hell

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22
Q

Forest Hills Gardens

A

1909 - Queens, NY. First planned “Garden Suburb” in the US

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23
Q

First Urban Planning Course

A

1909 - Harvard University

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24
Q

First Urban Planning Program

A

1923 - Harvard University

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25
Q

First Urban Design Program

A

1960 - Harvard University

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26
Q

First National Conference on City Planning

A

1909 - In Washington DC. Led to American Planning Institute (APA precursor 1/2) in 1917

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27
Q

Burnham’s Plan of Chicago

A

1909 - Burnham and Edward Bennett make first comprehensive plan

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28
Q

Manual of the Plan of Chicago

A

1911 - Walter Moody describes the development of the plan in a book designed to teach planning to school-age children

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29
Q

Early Versions of Zoning

A

1913 - In NY, MN, WI, and IL designed to separate residential from industrial uses

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30
Q

First Municipally Employed Planner

A

1914 - Harland Bartholomew in Newark, NJ. Completed their Comprehensive Plan in 1915

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31
Q

Cities in Evolution

A

1915 - Book by Sir Patrick Geddes. Promoted “Constructive & Conservative” improvements in scientific method and civic surveys.

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32
Q

Comprehensive Zoning Resolution

A

1916 - George McAneny & Edward Bassett divided NYC based on primary activity of the area. First citywide zoning code.

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33
Q

National Park Service

A

1916 - Founded by Woodrow Wilson

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34
Q

American City Planning Institute

A

1917 - One of precursors to APA. Olmstead Jr. was first president.

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35
Q

First Time Majority of Americans Live in Urban Areas

A

1920

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36
Q

Proposal of Appalachian Trail

A

1921 - Brenton McKaye. The First section was completed in 1923.

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37
Q

Country Club Plaza

A

1922 - First car-oriented shopping center outside KC Missouri

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38
Q

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

A

1922 - Defined a zoning commission, gave states the ability to enact zoning

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39
Q

Creation of Regulatory Taking

A

1922 - PA Coal v. Mahon

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40
Q

Herlihy Plans Boston

A

1923 - Elisabeth May Herlihy developed Boston’s first comprehensive plan. Important woman planning pioneer.

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41
Q

Formation of RPAA

A

1923 - Regional Planning Association of America - Created Sunnyside, Queens and Radburn, NJ

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42
Q

Moses Comes to Power

A

1924 - Becomes Chairman of NY State Council of Parks, increased parkland, increased racial segregation

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43
Q

First Comprehensive Plan Adopted as Law

A

1925 - Cincinnati - First actually created by the City itself and not a civic organization

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44
Q

First State-Leve Land Use Plan

A

1925 - Clarence Stein, the NY Land Use Chair commissioned it. Henry Wright wrote it. It focused on transportation

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45
Q

Euclid v. Ambler

A

1926 - Established zoning as legitimate use of police power

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46
Q

Standard City Planning Enabling Act

A

1928 - Allowed cities to form zoning commissions, legalized zoning in all US Cities

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47
Q

Construction of Radburn, NJ

A

1928 - Created by RPAA - American Garden City. First to separate automobile traffic from housing and used superblocks to cluster different uses

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48
Q

Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit

A

1929 - Model for walkable residential neighborhoods with a community school, business district, and graded streets to limit traffic–all of these eventually used in suburbs

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49
Q

First Historic District Ordinance

A

1931 - For Charleston, SC’s downtown

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50
Q

Christaller’s Central Place Theory

A

1933 - German Theorist - describes the economic relations of communities

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51
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority

A

1933 - Publicly owned utility built 16 hydroelectric dams

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52
Q

Public Works Administration

A

1933 - National Industry Recovery Act, planned large-scale roads, dams, and bridges as “New Deal.”

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53
Q

National Planning Board

A

1933 - Established under the WPA, pushed for Comprehensive Plans throughout the US to allocate for public works projects

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54
Q

First Multistate Planning Commission

A

1934 - WA, OR, ID, and MT planned for agriculture, industrial development, and investments in power generation

55
Q

American Society of Planning Officials

A

1934 - Precursor org to the APA. Founded by Walter Blucher

56
Q

Housing Act of 1934

A

Creates the FHA and Federal Home Savings and Loan Corp. to revive the US housing market

57
Q

HOLC Redlining Maps

A

1935 - Homeowner Loan Corporation creates maps that lead to today’s racial segregation

58
Q

Resettlement Administration

A

1935 - Financial aid to farmers and rural America and the construction of 3 Garden Cities: Greenbelt, MD, Greenhills, OH, & Greendale, WI. Became Farm Security Administration in 1937

59
Q

The Planner’s Journal Launches

A

1935 - American Institute of Planners launches what becomes JAPA

60
Q

US Housing Act Becomes Law

A

1937 - Wagner-Steagall Act loaned $800 million to bulid low-income housing. Catherine Bauer Wurster was director of research

61
Q

ACPI Changes Name to AIP

A

1939 - American City Planning Institute changes name to American Institute of Planners

62
Q

AIP Screens Documentary

A

1939 - Called “The City” about congestion and stress of urban living. Put in Congressional Film Registry in 1998

63
Q

Formation of Telesis

A

1939 - Collaboration of architects, landscape architects, urban planners to preserve the environment and culture of San Francisco

64
Q

Cities Start Losing Population to Suburbs

65
Q

G.I. Bill

A

1944 - Veterans guaranteed home loans

66
Q

Park Forest, IL

A

1946 - Planned suburban community for GIs with outdoor shopping center

67
Q

Levittown, NY

A

1947 - Mass-produced suburb designed to be segregated to only white people

68
Q

Code of Professional Conduct for Planners Published

A

1948 - American Institute of Planners publishes a code focusing on responsibility to the public, clients, and other planners

69
Q

Banning of Racially Restrictive Covenants

A

1948 - Shelley v. Kraemer in St. Louis, based on 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause

70
Q

Planned Unit Developments

A

1949 - First one in Prince George’s County, MD which allows combinations of land uses within developments

71
Q

US Comprehensive Housing Legislation

A

1949 - Housing Act of 1949 - Truman funded slum clearance and urban renewal and expanded FHA Mortgage Insurance

72
Q

Samuel Cullers earns Masters of Urban Planning

A

First African American to earn this honor, from MIT

73
Q

Housing Act of 1954

A

Urban Renewal Funding and the creation of the 701 program for Planning Assistance communities which spread the practice of Comprehensive Plans

74
Q

Supreme Court Rules on Eminent Domain

A

1954 - Berman v. Parker allows eminent domain

75
Q

Case Study of Racism in Public Housing

A

1955 - Politics, Planning, and Public Interest - landmark case study on race and Public Housing in Chicago

76
Q

Federal Aid Highway Act

A

1956 - Eisenhower funds the construction of interstates mostly out of the Highway Trust Fund

77
Q

First Urban Growth Boundary

A

1958 - Lexington, KY to protect bluegrass and horses

78
Q

The Image of the City

A

1960 - Kevin Lynch’s report that found 5 wayfinding methods of residents: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks

79
Q

Jacobs Writes on Cities

A

1961 - The Death and Life of Great American Cities - Criticized Moses, Corbusier, and urban renewal. Advocated for mixed use neighborhoods.

80
Q

Hawaii Kicks Off Growth Management

A

1961 - Passes land use law that shifts from local to statewide land use. Classified land as urban, rural, and conservation. Started “Growth Management”

81
Q

Housing Act of 1961

A

JFK provides funding for acquiring open space, improving mass transit, urban renewal, and farm loss

82
Q

Baker v. Carr

A

1962 - Federal courts can review how State seats are distributed, shifting power from the rural to urban

83
Q

Silent Spring

A

1962 - Rachel Carson’s book kicking off environmentalism leading to sustainable development and Smart Growth

84
Q

Urban Mass Transportation Act

A

1964 - Begins the Urban Mass Transit Administration, later the Federal Transit Administration, which shifts transit funding to grants and loans

85
Q

The Urban General Plan

A

1964 - T.J. Kent Jr.’s seminal planning textbook about the history of the Comprehensive Plan

86
Q

Founding of ARCH

A

1964 - Architects’ Renewal Committee of Harlem, one of the first Community Design Centers

87
Q

Founding of Reston, VA

A

1964 - Robert Simon, Jr. founds this suburb on 7 principles of walkability, greenspace, density, access to nature, racial and wealth diversity. Created the Planned Residential Community zoning

88
Q

Launch of PEO

A

1964 - Planners for Equal Opportunity - designed to counter racial discrimination and poverty

89
Q

Creation of CAPs

A

1964 - Community Association Programs - Aimed at eliminating poverty

90
Q

HUD Launches

A

1965 - Robert Weaver is the first secretary under LBJ

91
Q

Beginning of Advocacy Planning

A

1965 - Paul Davidoff publishes “Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning” through JAPA. Argues planners should advocate for poor (Davidoff later founds Suburban Action Institute to fight exclusionary zoning)

92
Q

King Targets Housing Discrimination

A

1966 - MLK’s march through Chicago

93
Q

Model Cities Program

A

1966 - Urban Renewal Act under LBJ that funded comprehensive plans, provided education, jobs, recreation, and leadership opportunities to inner city residents

94
Q

National Historic Preservation Act

A

1966 - In response to urban renewal and highways

95
Q

Community Development Corporations

A

1966 - Began with the Bedford-Stuyvesant Corporation, locally funded and community controlled

96
Q

Fair Housing Act

A

1968 - Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968

97
Q

HUD Act Passes

A

1968 - Establishes Ginnie Mae for additional mortgage funding for moderate income families and provides funding for new projects including Jonathan, MN; Park Forest South, IL; Flower Mount, TX; & St. Charles, MD

98
Q

Design With Nature

A

1969 - Ian McHarg publication that takes English gardening philosophy and applies it to human settlement

99
Q

Founding of ASCP

A

1969 - Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning - Colleges with Planning Programs

100
Q

Ladder of Citizen Participation

A

1969 - Written by Sherry Arnstein in JAPA

101
Q

NBPN Challenges AIP & ASPO

A

1969 - Black planners association walks out of urban planning conference and demands integrated curricula. AIP established a task force and ASPO responded with articles.

102
Q

Enactment of NEPA

A

1970 - Led to Clean Air Act (which was passed in 1969)

103
Q

Foundation of EPA

A

1970 - By Richard Nixon

104
Q

First “Fair Share” Housing Plan

A

1970 - Miami Valley RPC (Ohio) established housing goals for regional allocation of low and moderate income housing throughout the Dayton area

105
Q

Court Finds Zoning Exclusionary

A

1971 - Decision of Oakwood at Madison, Inc. v. Township of Madison, NJ

106
Q

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

107
Q

Coastal Zone Management Act

108
Q

Demoliton of Pruitt-Igoe

A

1972 - Famous St. Louis housing project

109
Q

Early Urban Data Analysis

A

1974 - In Los Angeles, planners conducted cluster analysis using computers

110
Q

CDBG Program Begins

111
Q

Cleveland Focuses on Social Policy

A

1975 - Norman Krumholz’ Cleveland Panning Department and planning reports focuses on reframing comprehensive plans as focusing on social issues

112
Q

NJ Court Rules on Affordable Housing

A

1975 - Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Mount Laurel Township

113
Q

Community Reinvestment Act

A

1977 - By Jimmy Carter

114
Q

Creation of Planners Network

A

1975 - Chester Hartman was a progressive socialist who created this org and distributed newsletters

115
Q

Hawaii’s Statewide Zoning

A

1978 - First state with statewide zoning

116
Q

Penn Central Transportation v. New York

A

1978 - Famous historic preservation case. Restrictions on development due to the historic nature made it not considered a taking. Famous TDR example.

117
Q

Formation of the APA

A

1978 - Merger between AIP and ASPO

118
Q

First New Urbanist Town

A

1981 - Seaside, FL by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-

119
Q

Habitat Conservation Plan Amendment

A

1982 - Updates Endangered Species Act of 1973 by creating conservation areas to protect wildlife

120
Q

2nd Wave of Growth Management

A

1985 - Florida requires local governments to be consistent with the State and the region or lose funding

121
Q

LIHTC Launches

122
Q

Passage of ADA

A

1990 - By George H.W. Bush

123
Q

HOPE VI

A

1992 - Turning Public Housing into mixed income housing and following the tenets of new urbanism

124
Q

Enterprise Zones and Empowerment Communities

A

1993 - Allowing tax incentives and social services in these areas

125
Q

Autonomous Car Testing

A

1995 - By Dean Pomerlau and Todd Jochem at Carnegie Mellon University

126
Q

First AICP Fellows

127
Q

Stafford Disaster Mitigation Act

A

2000 - Update of 1988 Stafford Act that outlines 4 major components of state hazard mitigation plans, delegating these same powers to local governments

128
Q

The Rise of the Creative Class

A

2002 - Seminal Richard Florida article arguing for amenities in mixed use settings appealing to urban creatives

129
Q

DARPA Challenge

A

2004 - Autonomous Vehicle race across the Mojave Desert

130
Q

The High Cost of Free Parking

A

2005 - Donald Shoup’s book describing how free parking hurts urban areas and makes them more car-dependent

131
Q

Supreme Court Ruling on Takings

A

2005 - Kelo v. City of New London ruling that private development from public land is not a taking if it provides significant benefits to the community

132
Q

Cities Grow Faster Than Suburbs for the First Time in Decades

133
Q

Fair Housing Expansion

A

2012 - Expands FHA to cover sexual orientation and gender identity

134
Q

Mass Produced Autonomous Vehicles

A

2017 - By General Electric

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