Hazard Mitigation Flashcards
Risk
The potential for loss or damage to an asset taking into account the value of the asset
Asset
Tangible and intangible resources
Asset Value
the degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the incapacity or destruction of an asset
Hazard
Source of danger or adverse condition
Threats
Subset of hazard that are intentional
Threat/Hazard Assessment
evaluation of threats and hazards based upon numerous characteristics such as existence, history, magnitude, and capability
Vulnerability
Susceptibility of a hazard to damage
Vulnerability Assessment
Evaluation of characteristics that contribute to susceptibility
Mitigation
Measures used to prevent hazards or threats
Standoff Distance
The distance between an asset and a threat
Layers of Defense
FEMA concept of defense against terrorism. 1st layer is surrounding area and other buildings. 2nd layer is space and natural barriers of a building including its yard. 3rd layer is the building itself.
CPTED
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. a theory of crime prevention that places a major emphasis on the design of the physical environment as the primary focus for addressing issues of public safety. CPTED relies on three primary principles: 1) natural access control, 2) natural surveillance, and 3) territoriality
Safescape
Approach to safety by creating a sense of community
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
- Establishes a process for requesting and obtaining a Presidential disaster declaration, defines the type and scope of assistance available under the Stafford Act, and sets the conditions for obtaining that assistance
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
Amended Stafford Act. Emphasizes the need for state, tribal, and local entities to closely coordinate mitigation planning and implementation efforts and links the planning requirements to eligibility for several categories of disaster recovery funding
Homeland Security Act of 2002
Establishes DHS
Critical Infrastructure Information Act
- Regulates the use and disclosure of information submitted to DHS about vulnerabilities and threats to critical infrastructure.
NFIP
- National Flood Insurance Program. Provides flood insurance to anyone living in one of the 23,000 Federally designated flood areas.
CRS
Community Rating System. Incentive program associated with the NFIP to provide floodplain management that exceeds its minimum standards.
“Three Legged Stool” of Community Resilience
Mitigation, Adaptation, and Response/Recovery
Hazard Mitigation
Actions to lessen the impact of severity and intensity of a hazard
Adaptation
Modifying the built environment or community behavior to better safeguard against environmental hazards
Response/Recovery
Actions during and immediately after the event to protect public safety, health, and well-being and foster a sense of community
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency founded in 1979 as independent agency by Carter and moved under DHS in 2002.
Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan
Required for during and post-disaster funding from FEMA
4 steps of Hazard Mitigation Process
1) Organize resources 2) Assess Risks 3) Develop Hazard Mitigation Plan 4) Implement and Monitor Progress
NIMS
National Incident Management System - provides stakeholders across the whole community with the shared vocabulary, systems and processes to successfully deliver the capabilities described in the National Preparedness System.
ICS
Incident Command System - standardized hierarchical structure that allows for a cooperative response by multiple agencies, both within and outside of government, to organize and coordinate response activities without compromising the decision-making authority of local command.
NRF
National Response Framework - is a guide to how the nation responds to all types of disasters and emergencies. It helps jurisdictions: Develop whole community plans: Integrate continuity plans; Build capabilities to respond to cascading failures among businesses, supply chains, and infrastructure sectors; Collaborate to stabilize community lifelines and restore services
NRP
National Response Plan - Utilizes NIMS framework to coordinate responses and recovery and coordinate local and tribal governments to prioritize disaster mitigation and recovery
ESF
Emergency Support Function - Public health responses to medical and natural disaster emergencies
Four Phases of Response and Recovery
Reconstruction Following Disaster by Haas, Kates, and Bowden (1977) divides disaster into four overlapping phases of response and recovery.
- The emergency period covers the initial hours or days following the disaster when the community is forced to cope with losses in lives and property.
- The restoration period covers the time following the emergency period until major urban service and transportation are restored, evacuees returned, and rubble is removed.
- During the replacement reconstruction period, the city rebuilds capital stock to pre-disaster levels and social and economic activities return to their previous levels.
- Finally, in the commemorative, betterment, and developmental reconstruction period, major reconstruction activities take place and future growth and development begin to take hold.
Adaptation
The adjustment of human and natural systems in response to actual or expected effects of climate change.
Major Disaster
Any natural or manmade catastrophe which warrants a presidential declaration and allows for aid from the Stafford Disaster Relief Act.
Emergency
Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the president, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts.
Resilience
Refers to the ability of a community to return to its original form after it has been changed. Often resiliency is used to refer to a community’s ability to recover from a natural hazard, economic shock, or other major events.
Safe Growth
Term for building environments that are safe for current and future generations, protecting buildings, infrastructure and the natural environment from damage.
Substantial Damage
Damage of any origin sustained by a structure whereby the cost restoring the structure to its before damage condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value or replacement cost of the structure before the damage occurred.
Substantial Improvement
Any reconstruction, rehabilitation addition, or other improvements of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement.
Four Components of Stafford Act
Outlined in section of 409 of the Act:
- An evaluation of the natural hazard in the designated area
- A description and analysis of the state and local hazard management policies, programs, and capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area
- Hazard mitigation goals and objectives and proposed strategies, programs, and actions to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerability to hazards
- A method of implementing monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan; such evaluation is to occur at least on an annual basis to ensure that implementation occurs as planned, and ensure that the plan remains current
1950 Federal Disaster Relief Act
Authorizes the President to provide supplementary Federal assistance when a Governor requested help
and the President approved the request by declaring a major disaster.
1966 Disaster Relief Act
Expands Federal Assistance into disaster recovery
1969 Disaster Relief Act
Response to Hurricane Camille. Included temporary housing, food assistance, unemployment assistance, matching funds to help states develop preparedness plans, and authorization for the federal government to fund up to half the cost of repair and restoration of public facilities
1970 Disaster Assistance Act
Consolidated the previous disaster relief legislation into a single act, and made many of the Camille-driven programs permanent, including programs to provide
temporary housing assistance, debris removal, and permanent repair and replacement of state and local public facilities.
1973 Flood Disaster Protection Act
Requires federal financial regulatory agencies to adopt regulations prohibiting their regulated lending institutions from making, increasing, extending or renewing a loan secured in a Special Flood Hazard Area in a community participating in the NFIP unless the property securing the loan is covered by flood
insurance.
1974 Disaster Relief Act
Provided for a more robust preparedness program, and introduced the concept of “emergency” declarations to accommodate assistance in cases where an incident did not rise to the “major disaster” threshold.
1977 Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act
National policy to diminish the perils of earthquakes in the United States. Includes an earthquake prediction system, national earthquake hazards reduction program, and seismological research studies.
1994 National Flood Insurance Reform Act
Strengthened the NFIP with a number of reforms that included increasing the focus on lender compliance, creating mitigation insurance and developing a mitigation assistance program to further reduce the costly and devastating impacts of flood.
