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General Parasitology > Ticks > Flashcards

Ticks Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of ticks?

A

soft ticks: argasids
hard ticks: ixodids

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2
Q

how do the feedings differ between types of ticks?

A

soft: multiple short feeds
hard: single long feed per stage

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3
Q

what enhances the survival of hard ticks?

A

thick waxy cuticle

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4
Q

how do hard ticks expand?

A

internal cuticular pleats must soften over several days

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5
Q

how do hard ticks prepare the site of their bite?

A

lacerate and lyse cells to create pools of lymph and blood

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6
Q

what does it mean for a tick to be nidicolous?

A

nest-dwelling

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7
Q

what does it mean for a tick to be non-nidicolous?

A

host seeking: active hunter or passive questing

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8
Q

what allows ticks to “bridge” infection to humans zoonotically?

A

wide host range: “two host” or “three host” ticks

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9
Q

what are attributes of ticks that make them good vectors?

A

obligatory parasite- blood
salivary pharmacopeia promotes infection
extended life cycle
wide host range
long duration of feeding
high reproductive potential: dense infestations
exploit disturbed environments

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9
Q

what does pharmacopeia in tick spit prevent?

A

hemostasis
immune attack

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10
Q

what direct injuries can ticks cause?

A

cellulitis
granulomatous dermal reactions
tick paralysis
red meat allergy

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11
Q

how do ticks cause tick paralysis?

A

small protein toxin acts presynaptically and inhibits acetylcholine release

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12
Q

which ticks are nidicolous?

A

all argasids
some ixodids

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13
Q

what are some tick borne infections from deer ticks?

A

lyme disease
Borrelia miyamotoi disease
babesiosis
human granulocytic ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis
deer tick encephalitis/fever

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14
Q

what tick-borne infections can dog ticks transmit?

A

tularemia
rocky mountain spotted fever

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15
Q

what tick-borne infections can lone star ticks transmit?

A

masters’ disease
“spotless fever”
ehrlichiosis
heartland virus hemorrhagic fever
bourbon virus hemorrhagic fever

16
Q

what tick-borne infection can woodchuck ticks likely transmit?

A

powassan encephalitis

17
Q

what are the reproductive hosts of american dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis)?

A

carnivores: dogs, skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes

18
Q

what are the main hosts for lone star ticks?

A

deer- all development stages

19
Q

what distinguishes red meat allergies from other allergies?

A

delay in signs/symptoms

20
Q

what specifically is linked to red meat allergy?

A

alpha gal

21
Q

why are adult deer ticks not contributing a lot of cases of Lyme disease?

A

clothing
size of tick and prompt removal
inoculum

22
Q

what is the seasonality of Lyme disease transmission?

A

mostly May-Aug
deer tick nymphs are main vector

23
Q

why does anti-OspA immunity matter?

A

Lyme disease
infected ticks ingest anti-OspA antibody while feeding on a vaccinated host
anti-OspA antibody incapacitate spirochetes before reactivation: prevent antigenic shift to OspC and thereby transmission

24
Q

what can you do to prevent ticks on humans?

A

repellents and toxicants (permethrin, deet)
clothing
tick check
education
habitat avoidance

25
Q

what are some options for tick prevention in canines?

A

repellent/toxicant
topicals
feed throughs
Lyme disease vaccination

26
Q

what two factors is the perpetuation of Lyme disease dependent on?

A

tick production
uninfected larvae need to get infected

27
Q

what are the two types of ixodids?

A

metastriate
prostriate

28
Q

what species are associated with tick paralysis?

A

Ixodes holocyclus
Dermacentor spp

29
Q

what do subadult american dog ticks feed on?

A

white footed mice and meadow voles

30
Q

which animals are known to infect ticks?

A

white footed mice
shrews
rabbits
squirrels
certain birds

General Parasitology (17 decks)

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