Protozoa 3 Flashcards
what are the important features of the phylum Apicomplexa?
one nucleus/cell
no flagella or cilia
reproduces by alternation of sexual or asexual generations
direct or indirect life cycle
obligate parasites
apical complex: host cell attachment and invasion
apicoplast
what are the important groups in the phylum Apicomplexa?
Coccidia
Haemosporina
Piroplasms
what is the life cycle of bovine coccidiosis?
direct
first generation, second generation, and gamogony in intestinal epithelium
sporogony matures in environment
what are the clinical signs of chicken coccidiosis?
chickens droop, stop feeding, huddle together, blood in droppings
death or recovery
what are the species that cause chicken coccidiosis?
Eimeria tenella
Eimeria necatrix
Eimeria acervulina
Eimeria maxima
how can chicken coccidiosis be controlled?
anticoccidial drugs mixed with feed
vaccination
limit contact chicks with contaminated droppings
roost birds over wire netting
water vessels on wire frames
litter dry and stir frequently
avoid overcrowding
what are the vaccine options for chicken coccidiosis?
live oocyte vaccine: paracox
recombinant vaccines typically given in ovo
what species cause bovine coccidiosis?
Eimeria zuernii
Eimeria bovis
what is the pathogenesis of bovine coccidiosis?
multiplication of parasite in intestinal epithelium
destruction epithelium
malabsorption and diarrhea
newborn animals at risk
how is bovine coccidiosis diagnosed?
oocysts in feces
how is bovine coccidiosis treated?
prophylactic chemotherapy, amprolium, decoquinate
reduce environmental contamination
immunity will control
what life cycle does Isospora spp have?
direct
facultative rodent host
who does Cryptosporidium infect?
cows and humans
what life cycle does Cryptosporidium have?
direct
what life cycle does Sarcocystis have?
indirect
predator-prey
sarcocyst ingested by definitive
where do Sarcocystis go in the intermediate host?
form muscle cysts
what is the definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona?
opossum
what causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
Sarcocystis neurona
what are the definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?
house cats and big cats
what are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?
pretty much anything
humans included (pregnant women should not scoop cat litter)
cats too
how is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?
sporulated oocyst
what is the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii?
intermediate is where symptoms are
exposure of fetus in non-immune mothers
abortion in sheep/goats
congenital abnormalities humans
AIDS and immunocompromised
what is the source of infection for Toxoplasma gondii?
ingestion of oocysts
carnivorism
congenital
how is Toxoplasma gondii treated in cats?
clindamycin
pyrimethamine
what is the human health impact of toxoplasmosis?
leading cause death attributed to foodborne illness
more than 60 million in the US carry, but most do not have symptoms
women newly infected with Toxoplasma during pregnancy can transmit to fetus
compromised immune system can lead to toxoplasmosis and severe consequences
what parasites are in the coccidia?
eimeria
cystoisospora
cryptosporidium
sarcocystis
toxoplasma
what is in a cryptosporidium cyst?
4 sporozoites
no sporocysts
what is in a cystoisospora, sarcocystis, or toxoplasma cyst?
8 sporozoites
2 sporocysts
what is in an eimeria cyst?
8 sporozoites
4 sporocysts
do many apicomplexa have an indirect or direct life cycle?
indirect
arthropod
what length of time are chickens sick for with chicken coccidiosis?
8-9 days
symptoms peak day 5 or 6
what are some vector-transmitted apicomplexa?
toxoplasma
plasmodium
babesia
thelaria
what are the hosts for Sarcocystic neurona?
definitive: opossum
intermediate: cat, skunk, raccoon, sea otter
aberrant: horse
