Thrombosis

Question 1

What is thrombosis?

Answer 1

Formation of blood clot inside a blood vessel

Question 2

What are the whites of your eyes made of?

Answer 2

Collagen

Question 3

Blood vessel

Answer 3

Lumen, which contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets, plasma (water and plasma proteins/ molecules).

Collagen surrounds basal lamina which surrounds vessel.

Platelets cannot touch collagen

Question 4

What is the difference between plasma and serum

Answer 4

Plasma contains clotting factors, serum is plasma without clotting factors.

Question 5

Clotting factors

Answer 5

Liver produces loads of proteins 
Clotting factor produced by endothelial cells 
THROMBIN production 
FIBRIN produced is the clot 
Clotting cascade = amplification system.

Damage-> TF

Prothrombin -> thrombin
Fibrinogen -> fibrin

Question 6

Initial damage

Answer 6

Trauma - exposure of interstitial collagens between structures

Exposes TISSUE FACTOR

Question 7

TF

Answer 7

Tissue factor
Present on muscle cells
Damage = TF release onto interstitial collagens which attaches and initiates clotting cascade

Question 8

Fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 8

Soluble to insoluble

Fibrin meshwork that catches things.

Question 9

Platelets

Answer 9

Produced in bone marrow
Bits of cells
Exposure to interstitial collagen
Only work in flowing blood - adhere to edges of blood vessels that have been damaged.

Question 10

Megakaryocyte?

Answer 10

Big cell with lots of nuclei

Undergoes nuclear division but not cell division

Question 11

What is coagulation?

Answer 11

Solidification of blood

2 types: thrombus formation, clot formation

Question 12

Thrombus formation

Answer 12

Pure thrombus is pale cream colour
Consists of fibrin meshwork and platelets.
Occurs in flowing blood
Platelets and clotting cascade important

Question 13

Clot formation

Answer 13

‘Black pudding’
Blood leaks out of a vessel, sit in tissues, next to interstitial collagen (as bruise)
Activation of clotting system - fibrin strands with RBCS.

NO platelets

Dark Red colour

Question 14

Difference between thrombus and clotting

Answer 14

Thrombus - platelets, cream

Clotting - RBCs, red

Question 15

What helps to stop bleeding?

Answer 15

Vasoconstriction

Decreases quantity and speed of blood - helps clotting

Question 16

Can you get clotting and thrombus formation together?

Answer 16

Yes, leads to haemostasis

Question 17

What is haemostasis?

Answer 17

Stopping bleeding

Question 18

What is granulation tissue?

Answer 18

New vessels where there has been a wound

Main purpose - to oxygenate area and provide nutrients

Question 19

Thrombosis is good if…

Answer 19

It allows blood flow along the vessel to continue

Question 20

Thrombosis is bad if…

Answer 20

It blocks the vessel

Question 21

What is ischaemia?

Answer 21

No blood getting into tissues, caused by vessel blockage by thrombosis

Results in HYPOXIA - lack of oxygen in tissues

Question 22

What often comes alongside hypoxia

Answer 22

Ischaemia

Question 23

What is stagnant blood behind a thrombus?

Answer 23

An unfortunate outcome of thrombus - causes clot behind

Question 24

What is the fibrinolytic system?

Answer 24

Cuts up fibrin (getting rid of thrombus)

Plasma protein = plasminogen cuts up fibrin

OPPOSITE of clotting system

Question 25

Thrombosis and clotting are normal in:

Answer 25

Wound healing
Stopping lending during menstruation
Some embryonic processes

Question 26

Thrombosis & clotting abnormal in:

Answer 26

Vessels which have abnormal walls
Blood which has abnormal constituents (e.g smoking can cause abnormal, ‘sticky’ platelets)
Abnormal flow in vessel

Question 27

What is Virchows triad?

Answer 27

Associated with abnormal thrombosis and clotting, 3 things

Question 28

What diseases are viceroys triad associated with?

Answer 28

Coronary heart disease

Bowel disease