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Principles of disease Jess > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during the G0 phase?

A

Resting phase

Cell has stopped dividing

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2
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

Gap 1
Cells increase in size
G1 checkpoint mechanism ensures everything ready for DNA synthesis

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3
Q

What is the S phase?

A

Synthesis

Where DNA replication occurs

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4
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

Gap 2
Gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis
Cells continue to grow
G2 checkpoint mechanism ensures everything ready for M phase

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5
Q

What is the M phase?

A

Mitosis
Cell growth ceases
M phase checkpoint mechanism ensures cells ready to complete division

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6
Q

What 3 stages are part of interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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7
Q

What are the checkpoints?

A

System of cyclically active & inactive enzymes

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8
Q

Checkpoints - catalytic sub-unit activated by?

A

Regulatory sub-unit

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9
Q

What are the catalytic sub-units?

A

CDKs - cyclin- dependent kinases

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10
Q

Checkpoints- what are the regulatory sub-units?

A

Cyclins

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11
Q

Checkpoints -

What is the active enzyme complex?

A

CDK/ cyclin complex

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12
Q

What do active CDK/ cyclin complexes do?

A

Phosphorylase target proteins

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13
Q

What is a CK1?

A

A CDK inhibitor

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14
Q

What is the retinoblastoma gene case?

A

Encodes pRb

PRb is hypophosphorylated
Phosphorylation increases as cells progress through cell cycle

Active cyclin / CDK complexes phosphorylase pRb

Inactive pRb loses affinity for E2F - free E2F transcription factor activates vital target genes

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15
Q

What is E2F?

A

Retinoblastoma case

Hypophoshorylated/ active Rb inactivates E2F

Inactive Rb loses affinity for E2F - free E2F transcription factors activates vital target genes

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16
Q

What causes carcinogenesis?

A

Mutation of genetic material that upsets the normal balance between proliferation and apoptosis

17
Q

Uncontrolled proliferation of cell leads to…

A

Tumours

18
Q

What are carcinogenic environmental agents?

A

Chemicals

Radiation

Oncogenes viruses

19
Q

What are the two regulatory pathways that are frequently disrupted and that frequently cause cancer?

A

The cyclin D-pRb-E2F pathway

P53 pathway

20
Q

Function of P53

A

Maintains genomic intergrity

Facilitates DNA repair

21
Q

P53 levels increase in

A

Damaged cells

Induces cell cycle arrest at G1

22
Q

Genetically damaged cells proliferate and form?

A

Malignant neoplasms

Principles of disease Jess (36 decks)

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