Thorax Somatic (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 thoracic walls?
A
Anterior, lateral, and posterior thoracic wall
2
Q
What are the 2 body cavities of the thorax?
A
Dorsal and ventral body cavity
3
Q
What 2 cavities divide the dorsal body cavity of the thorax?
A
Cranial and vertebral cavity
4
Q
What 2 cavities divide the ventral body cavity of the thorax?
A
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
5
Q
What are the 2 features of the thoracic cavity (within ventral body cavity)?
A
Pleural cavities and the mediastinum
6
Q
What 2 cavities divide the mediastinum?
A
Superior and inferior mediastinal cavity
7
Q
What are the 3 divisions of the inferior mediastinal cavity (of the thoracic cavity within ventral body cavity)?
A
Anterior, middle, and posterior
8
Q
What 2 cavities make up the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
Abdominal and pelvic cavity
9
Q
What do the pleural cavities contain?
A
-pleura (parietal and visceral)
-lungs
10
Q
The superior mediastinum spans from the superior thoracic aperture to the…..
A
Transverse thoracic plane
11
Q
The transverse thoracic plane separates the superior and inferior mediastinum. It is a plane at the level of the _________________ and the IVD of __________
A
Sternal angle, T4-T5
12
Q
The inferior mediastinum spans from the transverse thoracic plane line to the…..
A
Diaphragm
13
Q
The inferior mediastinum is subdivided into 3 regions, all relative to the _________________
A
Pericardium
14
Q
Where is the anterior mediastinum?
A
In front of the pericardium
15
Q
What does the inferior middle mediastinum contain?
Test q
A
-pericardium (parietal and visceral)
-heart
16
Q
Where is the posterior mediastinum located?
A
Behind the pericardium
17
Q
define membrane
A
thin layer of tissue covering a surface, lining a body cavity or dividing a space or organ
18
Q
What does an epithelial membrane consist of?
A
epithelial cell layer and connective tissue layer
19
Q
What is the cutaneous membrane?
A
skin
20
Q
What does the mucous membrane produce?
A
mucous
21
Q
Serous membranes produce serous fluid. What layers make up a serous membrane and where are they located?
Test q
A
parietal layer and visceral layer
parietal layer is located on the inner wall of cavity
visceral layer is located on the surface of organs contained in cavity
Serous membranes are given different names depending on their location. They can be represented by a fist pushing into a balloon. The outside of the balloon represents the parietal layer of serous membrane lining the body wall. The fist can represent any organ in a cavity. The inside of the balloon around the fist represents the visceral layer of the serous membrane
22
Q
What do connective membranes consist of?
A
connective tissue layers
23
Q
What do synovial membranes produce?
A
synovial fluid
24
Q
What do the meningeal membranes protect?
A
brain and spinal cord
25
What does parietal mean in latin?
wall
26
What does visceral mean in latin?
organ
27
What is the function of serous fluid?
reduce friction between walls and organs thereby decreasing inflammation
28
There are 2 serous membranes of the thorax what are they?
Test q
1) pleura (parietal and visceral pleura)
2) pericardium (parietal and visceral pericardium)
29
What is the anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?
sternum and costal cartilages
30
What is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity?
ribs and intercostal spaces
30
What is the posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?
thoracic vertebrae and IVDs
31
What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity?
supra-pleural membrane
32
What is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity?
respiratory diaphragm
33
The supra-pleural membrane is a connective tissue layer located external to parietal pleura above tips of the lungs. It attaches to the internal border of the first rib and the TPs of vertebra ____
C7
34
What are the 2 thoracic apertures?
superior and inferior thoracic apertures
35
Which thoracic aperture is also known as the thoracic inlet?
superior thoracic aperture
36
Which thoracic aperture is a small superior opening of the thoracic cage?
superior thoracic aperture
37
Which thoracic aperture is a passageway between the thoracic cavity, neck, and upper limbs?
superior thoracic aperture
38
Which thoracic aperture is occupied by the supra-pleural membrane?
superior thoracic aperture
39
Which thoracic aperture is also known as the thoracic outlet?
inferior thoracic aperture
40
Which thoracic aperture is a large inferior opening of the thoracic cage?
inferior thoracic aperture
41
Which thoracic aperture is occupied by the respiratory diaphragm?
inferior thoracic aperture
42
Which thoracic aperture serves as a ring-like origin?
inferior thoracic aperture
43
Which angle is between the manubrium and the body of the sternum?
sternal angle/ angle of Louis
44
Which angle is formed by the right and left costal margins?
Test q
infrasternal angle/ subcostal angle
45
The costal margin/ costal arch is an arch formed by the medial margin of ribs _____. The margin is the articulation of costal cartilages
Test q
8-10
46
What makes up the skeletal framework of the thorax?
Test q
-thoracic vertebrae (12)
-ribs (12 pairs)
-associated costal cartilages
-sternum
47
What are the typical characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
Test q
-bilateral costal facets (demifacets) on the superior and inferior parts of vertebral body
-costal facets on the TPs for rib tubercle
-long inferior slanting SPs
48
The intercostal space separates the...
ribs and costal cartilages
49
The subcostal space is below the 12th rib. What does it contain?
Test q
subcostal n. (T12 ventral rami of spinal nerve 12)
50
What are the classification of ribs?
-false or true ribs
-typical or atypical ribs
51
What are the true (vertebrosternal) ribs?
T/F test q
ribs 1-7
52
What are the false (vertebrocostal) ribs?
Test q
ribs 8-12
53
What are the floating (vertebral/ free) ribs?
Test q
ribs 11 and 12
54
What are the typical ribs?
Test q
ribs 3-9
55
What are the characteristics of ribs 3-9 (typical ribs)?
Test q
-head has 2 facets for articulation with corresponding vertebrae (superior and inferior facet and crest of head between the facets)
-neck
-tubercle that articulates with the corresponding TPs (articular part and non-articular part)
-body (costal angle is where the rib turns anterolaterally and the costal groove is where its parallel to the inferior border which is where blood vessels and nerves run)
56
What are the atypical ribs?
Test q
ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, 12
57
Which rib is the widest, shortest, and most curved with only 1 facet?
Test q
rib 1 (which articulates with T1)
58
Which rib has a tuberosity for the serratus anterior?
Test q
2nd rib
59
Which ribs have 1 facet besides rib 1?
Test q
ribs 10, 11, and 12
60
Which ribs are short with no neck or tubercle?
Test q
ribs 11 and 12
61
Which costal cartilages attach directly to sternum?
Test q
1-7
62
Which costal cartilages attach to the costal cartilage above?
Test q
8-10
63
Which costal cartilages form a cap at the end of the rib?
Test q
11 and 12
64
Where is the jugular (suprasternal) notch found?
Test q
manubrium
65
Where are the clavicular notches found?
Test q
manubrium
66
What part of the sternum is a synchondrosis of rib 1 with the costal cartilage attachment?
Test q
manubrium
67
What part of the sternum are the costal notches 2-7 found?
Test q
body of sternum
68
What part of sternum has 3 transverse ridges that are the fusion of growth centers?
Test q
body of sternum
69
What part of the sternum has the 7th costal notch?
Test q
xiphoid process
70
T/F: synchondrosis of the 1st rib is a costal cartilage attachment of 1st rib to the manubrium
true
71
Where is the 2nd costal notch found and what does it articulate with?
Test q
-found at the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
-articulation with 2nd costal cartilage
72
Where is the 7th costal notch found and what does it articulate with?
Test q
-found between the junction of the body of sternum and the xyphoid process
-articulation with 7th costal cartilage
73
Breasts are an organ containing mammary glands. Mammary glands are _________ glands that produce milk
Exocrine
74
The ________ has openings of lactiferous ducts arranged radially on tip from which milk is released during lactation
Nipple
75
What is areola in Latin?
Small space/area or interstice (small intervening space)
76
The _________ of the breast has sebaceous oil glands to reduce friction and chapping
Areola
77
What is the glandular tissue of breast called?
Lobes
78
How many lobes are there per breast?
15-20 lobes
79
What are the lobes of the breast separated by?
Suspensory ligaments
80
What are the mammary milk glands called?
Lobules
81
How many lobules are there per breast lobe?
20-40 lobules per lobe of breast
82
Alveolus has cells and hollow cavities they surround. How many alveoli are there per lobule in breast?
10-100 alveoli
83
What are the 2 cells within the alveolus of the breast?
1) cuboidal cells
2) myoepithelial cells
84
What are cuboidal cells?
Cells that produce milk that is secreted into the cavity they surround of the alveolus of breast
85
What are myoepithelial cells?
-they surround each alveolus
-contraction stimulated by oxytocin (posterior pituitary hormone) causes milk ejection into lactiferous ducts
86
What are lactiferous ducts?
Ducts that carry milk from each lobule to nipple of breast
87
Lactiferous ducts from each lobule unite within the lobe to form a….
Lactiferous sinus
88
Where is prolactin (PRL) secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
89
What does prolactin (PRL) do?
Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
90
Where is oxytocin secreted from?
Posterior pituitary gland
91
Which hormone is secreted in response to suckling infant and is responsible for milk ejection reflex?
Oxytocin
92
What nerves innervate the breast?
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves
93
What arteries are found in the breast?
1) internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian artery)
2) lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery)
94
What veins are found within the breast?
1) internal thoracic vein -> brachiocephalic vein
2) axillary vein
95
Where do 75% of lymph drainage of the lateral breast quadrants go?
hint: think in a sequence
Test q
subareolar lymphatic plexus> axillary lymph nodes> subclavian trunk> R lymphatic duct and L thoracic duct > subclavian veins
note: the L thoracic duct and R lymphatic duct drain into the subclavian vein on their side
96
Where does 25% of the lymph drainage of the medial breast quadrant go?
Hint: think in a sequence
Test q
subareolar lymphatic plexus> parasternal lymph nodes> bronchomediastinal trunk> R lymphatic duct and L thoracic duct> subclavian veins
note: the L thoracic duct and R lymphatic duct drain into the subclavian vein on their side
97
What are the 3 types of muscles of the thoracic wall?
1) axio-appendicular (muscles that extend from axial to appendicular skeleton)
2) true muscles of thoracic wall
3) diaphragm
98
What 5 structures make up the diaphragm?
1) central tendon
2) muscular part
3) hiati (apertures, openings) with contents
4) arcuate ligaments
5) crus
99
The diaphragm has 3 hiati (apertures/openings) with contents. What is the landmark for the caval hiatus and what goes through it?
Test q
T8
IVC and R phrenic n./its branches
100
The diaphragm has 3 hiati (apertures/openings) with contents. What is the landmark for the esophageal hiatus and what goes through it?
Test q
T10
-esophagus
-anterior and posterior vagal trunks (to esophagus and stomach) of CN X
-esophageal a. (branch of L gastric a.)
101
The esophageal a. is a branch of.....
the L gastric a.
102
The diaphragm has 3 hiati (apertures/openings) with contents. What is the landmark for the aortic hiatus and what goes through it?
Test q
T12
-aorta
-aortic plexus of CN X
-R azygous v.
-L hemiazygous v.
-thoracic duct
103
What are the arcuate ligaments attached to besides the diaphragm?
-lateral quadratus lumborum
-medial psoas major
-median union of crus anterior to aorta
104
The crus of diaphragm refers to tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction. How long is the one on right side? Left?
Right= upper 3 lumbar long
Left= upper 2 lumbar long
105
The diaphragm has efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) nerves. What are they?
Test q
phrenic nerve from C3-C5 is both efferent/afferent
lower 6 intercostal nerves are afferent
*remember that phrenic n. C3-C5 keep the diaphragm alive
106
What are the arteries of the diaphragm?
1) Internal thoracic a. branches into:
1a) pericardiophrenic a.
1b) musculophrenic a branches into anterior intercostal branches
2) thoracic aorta branches into:
2a) posterior intercostal branches
2b) superior phrenic a.
3) abdominal aorta branches into inferior phrenic a.
107
The internal thoracic a. branches into....
1) pericardiophrenic a.
2) musculophrenic a. branches into
2a) anterior intercostal branches
108
The thoracic aorta branches into....
1) posterior intercostal branches
2) superior phrenic a.
109
The abdominal aorta branches into....
inferior phrenic a.
110
What are the veins of the diaphragm?
posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygous system
anterior intercostal veins drain into musculophrenic veins
111
Posterior intercostal veins drain into the....
azygous system
112
Anterior intercostal veins drain into....
musculophrenic veins
113
When inspiratory muscles contract, what happens to the diaphragm and ribcage?
Test q
diaphragm goes down, rib cage goes up
114
When does the thoracic cavity volume increase?
Test q
during inspiration
115
When does intrapulmonary (lung) volume increase (lungs stretch)?
Test q
during inspiration
116
When does intrapulmonary (lung) pressure decrease?
Test q
during inspiration
117
During inspiration, air flows into the lungs ________ the pressure gradient. During expiration, air flows out of lungs ________ pressure gradient
Test q
down, down
118
When inspiratory muscles relax, what happens to the diaphragm and rib cage?
Test q
diaphragm goes up, rib cage goes down
119
When does the thoracic cavity volume decrease?
Test q
during expiration
120
When does intrapulmonary (lung) volume decrease/ lungs recoil?
Test q
during expiration
121
When does intrapulmonary (lung) pressure increase?
Test q
during expiration
122
Boyle's law= pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume at constant temp
is this in relation to inspiration or expiration?
Test q
expiration
123
What is a pressure gradient?
Test q
air flows from high pressure to low pressure
124
What are the nerves of the thoracic wall?
1) intercostal nerves
2) subcostal nerve
3) intercostobrachial nerve
4) thoracoabdominal nerves
5) phrenic nerve
125
Intercostal nerves are _________ rami
ventral
126
What nerves are found between T1-T11?
intercostal nerves
127
What nerve is found at T12?
subcostal nerve
128
What nerves are found between T3-T6?
typical intercostal nerves with lateral and anterior cutaneous branches
129
All spinal nerve plexi (cervical, brachial, lumbosacral, and coccygeal) are formed from interlacing of ventral rami of spinal nerves. Where there are no spinal nerve plexi, like the thorax, then the ventral rami of spinal nerves are....
intercostal nerves
130
Typical intercostal nerves are from _________ and have lateral cutaneous branches (which in turn have anterior and posterior branches), and anterior cutaneous branches (which in turn have medial and lateral branches)
T3-T6
131
Which nerve is this?
-its a lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve
-it does not divide like the typical intercostal nerves into anterior and posterior branches
-it is sensory cutaneous to the axilla (armpit)
intercostaobrachial nerve
132
Which nerves run from T7-11 and have lateral cutaneous branches that innervate anterolateral abdominal muscles?
thoracoabdominal nerves
133
The phrenic nerve is derived from C3-C5 of the cervical plexus and courses with what artery and vein?
pericardiophrenic artery and vein
134
The pericardiophrenic artery and vein are branches of the....
internal thoracic artery and vein
135
Within the posterior thoracic wall, there are 11 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries and 1 pair of subcostal arteries. The first 2 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries branch from the ___________________________. All the others branch from the __________
supreme intercostal (branch of thyrocervical trunk), aorta
136
Within the anterior thoracic wall, there are 11 pairs of anterior intercostal arteries and NO subcostal arteries. The first 6 pairs of anterior intercostal arteries branch from the ____________________. The remaining 5 branch from the ______________________
internal thoracic arteries, musculophrenic arteries
137
The internal thoracic a. is the 1st descending branch of the _______________
subclavian a.
138
The internal thoracic a. divides into the __________________ and ________________ arteries at the 7th rib
superior epigastric, musculophrenic
139
The first 6 anterior intercostal veins drain into the ________________ and the remainder into ___________________
internal thoracic veins, musculophrenic veins
140
Where do the RIGHT posterior intercostal veins drain into?
Test q
-brachiocephalic v.
-superior intercostal v.
-azygous v.
141
Where do the LEFT posterior intercostal veins drain into?
Test q
-brachiocephalic v.
-superior intercostal v.
-acessory hemiazygous v.
-hemiazygous v.
142
The intercostal artery, vein, and nerve in order from superior to inferior is VAN and lies between the ____________________________
Test q
internal and innermost intercostal muscles
143
Collateral branches of intercostal nerves, arteries, and veins emerge at the _______________ of the rib and lie between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles just above the rib below. Collateral branches of each go from nerve, artery, vein from superior to inferior (NAV)
Test q
costal angle
144
The posterior intercostal vessels and their posterior collateral branches anastomose with their anterior counterparts of the same side at the ______________ reference line
Test q
anterior axillary
145
The ________________________ rejoins the intercostal n. from which it was a branch
collateral intercostal n.
146
What are the true muscles of the thoracic wall?
1) serratus posterior superior and inferior
2) levator costorum
3) external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal muscles
4) subcostal (on posterior wall)
5) transversus thoracic (on anterior wall)
147
What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?
Test q
C7-T3 SPs
148
What is the insertion of the serratus posterior superior?
Test q
ribs 2-5
149
What are the actions of the serratus posterior superior?
Test q
elevate ribs
150
What innervates the serratus posterior superior?
Test q
intercostal nerves T2-T5
151
What is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?
Test q
T11-L2 SPs
152
What is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?
Test q
ribs 9-12
153
What are the actions of the serratus posterior inferior?
Test q
depress ribs
154
What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?
Test q
intercostal nerves T9-T11
155
What is the origin of the levator costorum?
Test q
C7-T11 TPs
156
What is the insertion of the levator costorum?
Test q
one (brevis) or 2 ribs (longus) below
157
What are the actions of the levator costorum?
Test q
elevate ribs
158
What innervates the levator costorum?
Test q
dorsal rami locally
159
What is the origin of the intercostal muscles?
Test q
inferior border of ribs
160
What is the insertion of the intercostal muscles?
Test q
superior border of ribs
161
What are the actions of the intercostal muscles and subcostal?
Test q
elevate ribs (interchondral part of internal and innermost muscles, whereas interosseous part depresses)
162
What innervates the intercostal muscles?
Test q
intercostal nerves locally
163
What is the origin of the subcostal?
Test q
internal surface of ribs near angle
164
What is the insertion of the subcostal?
Test q
superior borders of 2nd and 3rd rib below
165
What innervates the subcostal?
Test q
intercostal nerve
166
What is the origin of the transversis thoracis?
Test q
posterior surface of lower sternum
167
What is the insertion of the transversus thoracis?
Test q
internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
168
What are the actions of the transversus thoracis?
Test q
depress ribs
169
What innervates the transversus thoracis?
Test q
intercostal n.
170
Who is the “star player” artery in the anterior thoracic wall?
Test q
Internal thoracic a.
171
Intercostal nerves and spinal nerve plexi are derived from ________ rami of spinal nerves
Test q
ventral
172
What are the typical intercostal nerves? Why are they typical?
Test q
T3-T6
-they have lateral and anterior sensory cutaneous branches
173
Why is T1 intercostal n. atypical?
Test q
It’s a part of the brachial plexus
174
Why is T2 intercostal n. atypical?
Test q
Also known as intercostobrachial n.
It only has 1 branch- which is the lateral sensory cutaneous branch sensory to armpit
175
Why are T7-T11 intercostal nerves atypical?
Test q
Also known as thoracoabdominal nerves bc they go to anterior abdominal muscles
Atypical bc they only have 1 one branch- which is the lateral cutaneous branch
176
Why is T12 intercostal n. atypical?
Test q
Also known as subcostal n. and it goes to abdominal muscles
It is atypical bc it only has 1 branch- which is the lateral sensory cutaneous branch
177
________ = sympathetic outflow. Each have white rami that communicates (preganglionic) from ventral rami to their own level sympathetic ganglia
Test q
T1-L2
178
What nerve innervates the organs of the thorax?
Test q
CN X (vagus n.)
179
The phrenic n. is derived from….
Test q
C3-C5 ventral rami
180
Which nerve courses with the pericardiophrenic artery and vein?
Test q
Phrenic nerve
181
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Test q
Phrenic nerve
182
The internal thoracic artery is the 1st descending branch of the…..
Test q
Subclavian a.
183
The internal thoracic artery divides into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries at the….
Test q
7th rib
184
Collateral branches of anterior intercostal arteries and veins emerge midway of….
Test q
costal cartilage
