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tapp > Spleen, Adrenal Glands, & Kidneys (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Spleen, Adrenal Glands, & Kidneys (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which quadrant is the spleen found in?

A

LUQ

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2
Q

What is the largest lymphatic system organ?

A

spleen

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3
Q

Which organ in the lymphatic system is purplish, pulpy, and prone to injury?

A

spleen

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4
Q

What are the many functions of the spleen?

A

-immune surveillance and response
-remove old RBCs and recycle iron
-create RBCs during fetal development only
-site of WBC proliferation
-removes old platelets
-storage of functional platelets
-B cells are activated here (plasma cells produce antibodies)

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5
Q

What are the sympathetic innervations of the spleen?

A

greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) > celiac ganglion> spleen

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6
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the spleen?

A

vagus n.

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7
Q

What are the arteries of the spleen?

A

celiac trunk, which branches into splenic a.

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8
Q

What are the veins of the spleen?

A

hepatic portal v.
-superior mesenteric v.
-splenic v.
»inferior mesenteric v.

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9
Q

What are another name for the adrenal glands?

A

suprarenal glands

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10
Q

What shape are the adrenal glands and where are they found?

A

pyramid shaped on top of the kidneys

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11
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex (outer portion) and adrenal medulla (inner portion)

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from outside in?

test q

A

1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis

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13
Q

Where are mineralcorticoids found and what do they simulate?

test q

A

-found in zona glomerulosa layer of adrenal cortex
-aldosterone is the main one here
-it stimulates sodium reabsorption
-increases blood volume and pressure

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14
Q

Where are glucocorticoids found and what do they do?

test q

A

-found in zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex
-cortisol is the main one here
-it increases blood glucose

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15
Q

What are the many effects of cortisol?

test q

A

increases:
-blood sugar
-blood fat
-blood pressure

decreases:
-sex hormone secretion
-inflammatory and immune response
-short term memory

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16
Q

Where are gonadocorticoids found and what are the specific types?

test q

A

-found in the zona reticularis layer of the adrenal cortex
-sex steroids like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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17
Q

What cells are found in the adrenal medulla?

test q

A

chromaffin cells

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18
Q

What are chromaffin cells and what do they secrete?

test q

A

neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal medulla (inner layer of adrenal glands)

secretes mostly NE and epi, but small amounts of dopamine

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19
Q

What innervates the chromaffin cells found in the adrenal medulla?

test q

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons directly from the lateral horns of the spinal cord

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20
Q

What are the nerve innervations for the adrenal medulla?

A

T5-T9> greater splanchnic n. > adrenal medulla

T10-T11> lesser splanchnic n.> adrenal medulla

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21
Q

T/F: the adrenal cortex has the same nerve innervation are the kidneys

A

true

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22
Q

What are the nerve innervations for the adrenal cortex?

A

T1-T11 > lesser splanchnic n. > adrenal cortex

T12> least splanchnic n.> adrenal cortex

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23
Q

What are the 3 arteries of the adrenal glands?

A

superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal a.

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24
Q

The superior suprarenal a. is a branch of the….

A

inferior phrenic a.

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25
Q

The middle suprarenal a. is a branch of the…

A

abdominal aorta

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26
Q

The inferior suprarenal a. is a branch of the….

A

renal a.

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27
Q

What are the veins of the adrenal glands?

A

suprarenal v. drains into the inferior phrenic (on R) and renal v. (on L side)

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28
Q

The kidneys are retroperitoneal and are protected posteriorly by back muscles and…..

A

floating ribs 11/12

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29
Q

What are the CT layers of the kidneys from anterior to posterior, outside in?

A

1) parietal peritoneum of abdominal wall (kidneys are retroperitoneal)
2) renal fascia (irregular dense CT)
3) perirenal fat (adipose tissue)
4) fibrous capsule (irregular dense CT)

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30
Q

What are the 2 external parts of the kidney?

A

capsule and hilum

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31
Q

What part of the kidney is irregular dense CT and is directly adhered to the surface of kidney?

A

capsule

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32
Q

What part of the kidney supports kidney mass and protects it from injury?

A

capsule

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33
Q

What part of kidney has a vertical cleft on the medial concave side and leads into the renal sinus (internal space) and is a portal for nerves, renal blood vessels, and lymphatics?

A

hilum of kidney

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34
Q

What are the internal parts of a kidney?

A

-cortex
-medulla
»columns
»pyramids
-renal sinus (cavity that contains papilla, minor calyx, and major calyx)
-renal pelvis

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35
Q

What part of the inner kidney is the most superficial region and is located on the renal corpuscles of nephons with a reddish brown appearance?

A

cortex

36
Q

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule of nephron + glomerulus (tufts of capillaries) = ?

A

renal corpuscle

37
Q

What is the location of nephron collecting tubules and loops of henle called?

A

renal pyramids (in the medulla)

38
Q

Where are the renal columns found?

A

area between the renal pyramids (of the medulla)

39
Q

What are renal columns?

A

inward extensions of cortical tissue in the medulla of kidneys

40
Q

Renal pyramids are triangular regions in the medulla of kidneys. What does it consist of?

test q

A

-nephron collecting ducts, loop of henle, and blood vessels
-renal papillae are on the tops of pyramids and are made up of papillary ducts
-papillary ducts (of Bellini) are where collecting ducts drain into

41
Q

The renal sinus is a large cavity within the kidneys that has papilla along with minor and major calyx. Where specifically is papillae found and what does it drain?

A

-found at the apex of the renal pyramid
-at the location of the papillary ducts
-drains urine into a minor calyx

42
Q

The renal sinus is a large cavity within the kidneys that has papilla along with minor and major calyx. The minor calyx is a small chamber. 1 minor calyx surrounds 1 papilla. What does the minor calyx drain into?

A

Minor calyx drains urine into the major calyx

43
Q

The renal sinus is a large cavity within the kidneys that has papilla along with minor and major calyx. The major calyx is a medium sized chamber and is formed by the union of _______ minor calyces. The major calyx drains urine into the _______________

A

2-3, renal pelvis

44
Q

The renal pelvis is a large funnel shaped chamber that occupies most of the _____________ and drains urine into the ___________

A

renal sinus, ureter

45
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys?

A

nephron

46
Q

What are the 2 major parts of a nephron?

test q

A

1) renal corpuscle (capsule)
2) renal tubule

47
Q

What are the 3 parts of a renal corpuscle (capsule)?

test q

A

1) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
2) filtration membrane
3) glomerulus (ball of capillaries)

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of a renal tubule?

test q

A

1) PCT
2) loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs)
2) DCT

49
Q

T/F: collecting ducts are considered part of the nephron

A

FALSE, they are not

50
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is a cup shaped end that surrounds the glomerulus (tuft of capillaries). It has 2 layers and a space. What does the visceral layer consist of and what does it cover?

A

-podocytes (cells with foot like extensions called pedicels)
-covers glomerular capillaries on the inside of capsule

51
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is a cup shaped end that surrounds the glomerulus (tuft of capillaries). It has 2 layers and a space. What cells make up the outside of the capsule for the parietal layer?

A

simple squamous cells

note: parietal layer just has structural functions

52
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is a cup shaped end that surrounds the glomerulus (tuft of capillaries). It has 2 layers and a space. What is the space called that seperates the visceral and parietal layers?

A

capsular space

53
Q

The filtration membrane is an interface of the….

A

renal corpuscle

54
Q

The filtration membrane is found between blood and the interior of a glomerular capsule. It allows for free passage of water and solutes BUT blocks…..

A

plasma proteins and macromolecules

55
Q

What are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane?

test q

A

1) capsular membrane (pedicel extensions of podocytes)
2) basement membrane (fused)
3) capillary endothelium (fenestrated)

56
Q

The glomerulus is a ball of capillaries that are in contact with the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. It has ___________________ cells that are the supporting cells between glomerular capillaries. The afferent arterioles go to the glomerulus, while the efferent arterioles leave the glomerulus

A

infraglomerular mesangial

57
Q

What are the parts of a renal tubule?

A
58
Q

Which part of the renal tubule reabsorbs water ions and all organic nutrients that are released into the peritubular fluid and re-enters blood?

A

PCT

59
Q

Which part of the loop of henle of the renal tubule has thick and thin segments and reabsorbs water into peritubular capillaries?

A

descending limb

60
Q

Which part of the loop of henle of the renal tubule has thick and thin segments and reabsorbs sodium and chloride into the peritubular capillaries?

A

ascending limb

61
Q

The thick segments of the loop of henle of the renal tubule is made of _______________ epithelium

A

cuboidal

62
Q

The thin segments of the loop of henle of the renal tubule is made of ___________________ epithelium

A

simple squamous

63
Q

Which part of the renal tubule secretes ions, acids, drugs, and toxins?

A

DCT

64
Q

Which part of the renal tubule reabsorbs water, sodium, and chloride with hormonal control?

A

DCT

65
Q

Is the collecting duct system a part of the nephron?

A

NO

66
Q

What is the collecting duct system?

test q

A

-system of tubules connecting the nephrons to minor calyx
-located in the pyramids
-electrolyte and fluid balance with sodium and water
-regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin (ADH)

67
Q

What are the 2 parts of the collecting duct system?

test q

A

1) collecting duct
2) papillary duct

68
Q

The collecting duct receives urine from the….

test q

A

DCTs of multiple nephrons

69
Q

The papillary duct receives urine from….

test q

A

multiple collecting ducts

70
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

test q

A

1) cortical nephrons (85%, located in cortex)
2) juxtamedullary nephrons (located at junction of cortex and medulla and have long loops of henle)

71
Q

What is the urine flow pathway?

test q

A
72
Q

What are the sympathetic innervations of the kidneys?

test q

A

T10/T11 > lesser splanchnic n. > aortorenal ganglion> kidney

T12> least splanchnic n.> renal ganglion> kidney

73
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

test q

A

vagus n.

74
Q

What are the arteries of the kidneys?

A

note: veins are the same BUT there is no segmental vein

75
Q

What are the nephron capillary types?

A

1) glomerular capillaries
A) afferent arteriole
B) glomerulus
C) efferent arteriole

2) peritubular capillaries

76
Q

Peritubular capillaries arise from ____________________ and surround renal tubules. The vasa recta is long straight capillaries parallel to the loop of henle of JM nephrons

A

efferent arteriole

77
Q

What are the 3 parts of a capillary nephron contact?

A

1) filtration membrane
2) juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)
3) renal erythropoietin producing cells

78
Q

What are the 3 parts of the filtration membrane?

test q

A

1) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule (visceral layer, podocytes)
2) shared basement membrane
3) fenestrated capillary endothelium of glomerulus capillaries

79
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the JG complex?

test q

A

1) macula densa
2) JG/ granular cells
3) mesangial/extraglomerular cells

80
Q

Where are macula densa cells located?

test q

A

in DCT, closest to renal corpuscle

81
Q

What is the function of macula densa cells?

test q

A

regulates sodium concentration in DCT

if sodium increases then afferent blood flow decreases and theres less filtration

if sodium decreases then efferent blood flow decreases and there is more filtration

82
Q

Where are JG/granular cells found?

test q

A

between DCT and glomerulus

83
Q

What is the function of JG/granular cells?

test q

A

renin secretion

84
Q

Where are mesangial/extraglomerular cells found?

A

on the outside of the glomerulus on either side of the JG cells and between afferent and efferent arterioles

85
Q

What is the function of mesangial/extraglomerular cells?

test q

A

unknown

86
Q

Where are renal erythropoietin producing cells found?

A

between PCT and peritubular capillaries

87
Q

What is the function of renal erythropoietin producing cells?

test q

A

RBC production in bone marrow

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