Esophagus, Stomach, & Intestines (Exam 2) Flashcards by Julia Gumirov

What are the digestive tract organs?

-esophagus (lower, or abdominal)
-stomach
-SI (duodenum, jejunum, ilieum)
-LI (including sigmoid colon)

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What are the accessory organs of the duodenum?

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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What are the urinary tract organs?

-kidneys (renal) glands
-ureters (upper, or abdominal)

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What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract?

1) serosa or adventitia
2) muscularis externa (muscularis propria)
3) submucosal
4) mucosa

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How many layers are in the muscularis externa in most of the digestive tract?

2 layers of smooth muscle
-outer layer is longitudinal
-inner layer is circular

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What does the submucosa of the digestive tract contain?

CT containing blood, lymph, and nerve fibers

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What is the innermost epithelial lining of the digestive tract?

Mucosal layer

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What is the function of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract?

-secrete mucous
-absorb nutrients

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The stomach is the only part of the digestive tract that has 3 layers for the muscularis externa. What are the 3 layers?

-outer = longitudinal layer
-middle= circular layer
-inner= oblique layer

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What are the 4 features of the lower esophagus?

-diaphragmatic constrictions
-cardiac (also known as lower esophageal, gastroesophageal, or cardio-esophageal) sphincter
-cardiac notch
-cardiac orifice

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What are the 3 esophageal constrictors?

1) cervical constriction (upper esophageal sphincter)
2) thoracic (broncho-aortic) constriction
3) diaphragmatic constriction

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The cardiac sphincter (also known as gastroesophageal or cardio-esophageal sphincter) is a ____________ muscle ring. Is it voluntary or involuntary?

Test q

Smooth, involuntary

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Where is the cardiac sphincter (also known as gastroesophageal or cardio-esophageal sphincter) located and what does it prevent?

Test q

-located between the diaphragmatic constriction where the esophagus meets the stomach
-prevents reflux of stomach contents

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What are the muscles of the esophagus?

Muscularis mucosae and muscularis propria/externa

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What are the sympathetic nerves of the esophagus?

T1-T10

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What are the parasympathetic nerves of the esophagus?

CN X (vagus n.) from the esophageal plexus

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What artery innervates the esophagus?

Esophageal branches of the L gastric a. (bottom 1/3 of esophagus)

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The esophageal v. drains into the…..

L gastric v. (bottom 1/3 of esophagus)

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What are the 4 parts of the stomach?

1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
4) pylorus

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What does the pyloric sphincter regulate?

Test q

Passage of chyme from stomach into SI

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What are the characteristics of the mucosal layer of the stomach?

-has mucus membrane
-has folds and rugae
-contains gastric pits and glands

Note: gastric glands are cells that are located in the pits (lamina propria) and open into bases of the gastric pits

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What epithelium makes up the mucosal layer of the stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium

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What are rugae?

-also known as gastric folds
-it’s longitudinal wrinkles in the gastric mucosa
-allows for expansion of the stomach

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What are gastric pits and what are they lined with?

-indentations of gastric mucosa
-contain entrances to gastric glands
-lined with surface mucus cells

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What do the foveolar cells secrete? Test q

Mucus

What do the parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete? Test q

HCI and intrinsic factor (aids in absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum)

What do the chief (zymogenic) cells secrete? Test q

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

What do the enteroendocrine cells secrete? Test q

Hormones -gastrin -ghrelin -serotonin -somatostatin

Where is gastrin secreted from and what does it stimulate? Test q

-secreted by G cells -stimulates parietal cells to produce HCI (gastric acid)

What is ghrelin and what does it stimulate? Test q

-“hunger hormone” -stimulates appetite -increases food intake and fat storage

What is the function of serotonin? Test q

Arousal, mood, and emotions

What does somatostatin inhibit? Test q

Gastric secretions

What are the sympathetic innervations to the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and adrenal medulla? Test q

T5-T9 -> greater splanchnic n. -> celiac prevertebral ganglia -> stomach

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and adrenal medulla? Test q

CN X

What are the 3 parts of the SI?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Which section of the SI surrounds the head of the pancreas? Test q

Duodenum

Which section of the SI has the most chemical digestion? Test q

Duodenum

Which section of the SI starts intraperitoneal but ends retroperitoneal?

Duodenum

Which section of the SI is the shortest?

Jejunum

Which section of the SI is where most absorption of nutrients occurs? Test q

Jejunum

Which parts of the SI are intraperitoneal?

-top half of duodenum -jejunum and ileum are fully intraperitoneal

Which section of the SI is the longest?

Ileum

The ileum joins the _____ at the ileocecal valve

What is absorbed in the duodenum?

Calcium and iron

What is absorbed in the terminal ileum?

Vitamin B12

What is absorbed along the entire length of the SI?

Water and lipids

What features does the mucosal layer of the SI have?

-plicae circulares -villi -mucosal cells (enterocytes) -microvilli (brush border) -crypts of Lieberkuhn

What are the other names for plicae circulares?

-circular folds -valvulae conniventes -valves of kerkring

What are the circular folds of the mucosal layer of SI called? Test q

Plicae circulares

Where are plicae circulares found and what is its function? Test q

-mostly in lower duodenum and jejunum -increases surface area

What are vili and what is their function? test q

-finger like extensions in the mucosal layer of SI on the surface of plicae -further increases SA for absorption

Where are mucosal cells found and what is their function? test q

-also known as enterocytes -on the surface of villi -line lumen of SI -absorb nutrients

What are microvilli (brush border)? test q

-tiny projections on plasma membrane of mucosal cells -increases SA of plasma membrane

What are crypts of lieberkuhn and where are they found? test q

-vault or pit between villi -lined by intestinal glands/cells

What cells are found in the crypts of lieberkuhn? test q

-stem cells -argentaffin (enteroendocrine cells) -paneth cells

What do stem cells in the crypts of lieberkuhn produce? test q

enterocytes (absorptive) cells

What do argentaffin (enteroendocrine) cells found in crypts of lieberkuhn produce? test q

hormone producing cells *****CCK and secretin are secreted in the crypts located in the duodenum

What do paneth cells found in the crypts of lieberkuhn produce? test q

antimicrobial proteins and regulate flora

The submucosa of the SI has Brunner's (duodenal glands) that produce _______________ and the ducts empty into the crypts of lieberkuhn. This neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach test q

alkaline mucous note: the further into the duodenum, the less Brunner's glands there are

The submucosa of the SI has peyer's patches that are lymph follicles and those increase as they approach.... test q

the end of the SI

T/F: the intestinal juice contains ALL substances released by the cells that line the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the mucosa and Brunner's glands in the submucosa test q

true

Intestinal juice is clear to pale yellow color and is a watery secretion that is alkaline. It is found in the mucous formed from goblet cells in the SI and houses hormones from enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells, along with antimicrobial proteins from....

Paneth cells

Which part of the SI surround the head of the pancreas? test q

duodenum

What does the duodenum absorb? test q

calcium and iron

What hormones are found in the duodenum? test q

CCK and secretin

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum from proximal to distal? test q

1) superior 2) descending 3) inferior 4) ascending

Which part of the duodenum is the location of major duodenal papillae (from the hepatopancreatic duct) and minor duodenal papillae (from accessory pancreatic duct)? test q

descending part of duodenum

The transpyloric plane line is at ______

Which hormone is secreted in the mucosa of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in response to acidity of chyme from the stomach and stimulates secretions of enzymes from pancreas? test q

secretin

Which hormone is secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in response to the presence of fats and stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder? test q

CCK

The ligament (muscle) of treitz, aka suspensory ligament of duodenum, is a band of CT and smooth m. from the celiac trunk and diaphragm that connects to the _____________________- demarcates the border between the duodenum and jejunum therefore upper and lower GI test q

duodenojejunal flexure

Which part of the SI empties into the LI?

ileum

What is the valve called between the ileum of SI and cecum of LI? test q

ileocecal valve

What are the sympathetic innervations to the SI?

L1 > lumbar splanchnic n. > superior mesenteric ganglia > SI

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the SI?

vagus n.

Which artery supplies the SI? test q

superior mesenteric a.

Which vein drains the SI? test q

superior mesenteric v.

What are the 4 subdivisions of the LI?

1) cecum 2) colon 3) rectum (in the pelvis) 4) anus (in the pelvis)

What are the 4 features of the LI? test q

1) epiploic appendages (small fat filled appendages of visceral peritoneum) 2) taeniae coli (muscularis externa reduced to 3 bands/ribbons) 3) haustra (pocket-like sacs, giving segmented appearance) 4) plicae semilunares (half moon shaped folds of colon walls formed by contraction)

The mucosa from the cecum to the upper 1/2 of anal canal is ___________________ epithelium test q

simple columnar

The lower 1/2 of anal canal mucosa is _____________________ epithelium test q

stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Generally, the mucosa of the trachea and lower 1/2 of anus is stratified squamous epithelium but anything in between is.... test q

simple columnar epithelium

What is the first part of the large intestine called?

cecum

Which part of the LI is a "blind pouch"?

cecum

Which part of the LI is intraperitoneal with NO mesentery?

cecum

Which quadrant of the abdomen is the cecum found in? test q

RLQ

Which organ arises from the posteromedial aspect of cecum and is inferior to the iliocecal junction? test q

appendix

Which abdominal quadrant is the appendix in? test q

RLQ

Which organ is intraperitoneal and has a short triangular mesentery called mesoappendix?

appendix

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

1) ascending colon 2) transverse colon 3) descending colon 4) sigmoid colon

Where is the R colic flexure/hepatic flexure located? test q

-RUQ below the liver -its a sharp bend between the ascending and transverse colon

Where is the L colic flexure/splenic flexure located? test q

-LUQ below the spleen -its a sharp bend between the transverse and descending colon

Which part of the colon is this? -R side of abdomen -between cecum and R colic flexure/hepatic flexure -retroperitoneal

ascending colon

Which part of the colon is this? -longest most mobile part of colon -between R and L colic flexures -intraperitoneal -has mesentery called transverse mesocolon

transverse colon

Which part of the colon is this? -between L colic flexure/splenic flexure and sigmoid colon -retroperitoneal -no mesentery

descending colon

Which part of the colon is this? -S shaped -connects descending colon to the rectum at S3 level -intraperitoneal -rectosigmoid junction is where the epiploic appendages and taeniae coli terminate

sigmoid colon

What are the sympathetic innervations of the LI?

L1 > superior mesenteric ganglion > LI up to and including 1st 2/3 of transverse colon L2> inferior mesenteric ganglion> last 1/3 of transverse colon to the sigmoid colon L3-L5> superior hypogastric plexus> last 1/3 of transverse colon to sigmoid

What are the parasympathetic innervations of the LI?

vagus n. goes to LI up to the first 2/3 of transverse colon S2-S4 go to the last 1/3 of transverse colon up to sigmoid colon

Esophagus, Stomach, & Intestines (Exam 2) Flashcards

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