Condensed Cumulative SG Material For Final Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the false/greater pelvis and what does it contain?
A
-above the pelvic brim
-contains the ileum and sigmoid colon
2
Q
What makes up the pelvic brim?
test q
A
-sacral promontory
-alae
-linea terminalis (R and L)
3
Q
What is the linea terminalis?
test q
A
-arcuate line of ilium
-pectineal line of pubic bones
-crest of pubis
4
Q
The pelvic inlet is an opening that is circumscribed by….
A
pelvic brim, between the false and true pelvis
5
Q
The true/lesser pelvis is the area between the…
A
pelvic inlet and outlet
6
Q
What does the true/lesser pelvis contain front to back?
test q
A
-male prostate directly below bladder
-female internal reproductive organs
-rectum for both genders
7
Q
The pubic outlet is an opening circumscribed by the….
A
-tip of coccyx
-ischial tuberosities
-pubic symphysis
-the pelvic diaphragm muscles make up the floor of the pelvic outlet
8
Q
The male prostate is between the…
A
bladder and pelvic diaphragm (floor of pelvic outlet)
9
Q
What shape is the perineum?
A
diamond shaped
10
Q
The perineum is inferior to the….
A
pelvic floor muscles (pelvic diaphragm)
11
Q
The perineum is divided into 2 triangles. What are they?
A
urogenital and anal triangles
12
Q
The perineum has 2 pouches: deep and superficial. What do they contain?
A
-external genitalia
-urethrae
-anal canal
13
Q
What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?
A
-urogenital diaphragm muscles (external sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perineal)
-male greater vestibular (bulbourethral) glands
-part of urethrae, vagina, and anal canal
14
Q
What are the contents for the superficial perineal pouch?
A
-contains 3 muscles= bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse perineal
-female greater vestibular (bartholins) glands
-female lesser vestibular (skenes) glands
-part of urethrae, vagina, anal canal, plus erectile tissues of penis and clitoris
15
Q
What is the muscle of the lateral wall of the pelvis?
A
obturator internus
16
Q
which muscle is this?
-origin= internal surface of obturator membrane and rim
-insertion= greater trochanter
-action= lateral rotation of the thigh
-innervation= obturator internus and superior gemellus of the sacral plexus
A
obturator internus
17
Q
What is the muscle in the posterior superior wall of the pelvis?
A
piriformis
18
Q
What muscle is this?
-origin= sacrum (anterior surface)
-insertion= greater trochanter
-action= lateral rotation of thigh
-innervation= nerve to piriformis of the sacral plexus
A
piriformis
19
Q
What are the 4 muscles that make up the pelvis floor aka pelvic diaphragm?
A
Levator ani (3 muscles)
1) puborectalis
2) pubococcygeus
3) iliococcygeus
4) coccygeus (also called ischiococcygeus)
20
Q
What muscle is this?
-origin= pubis
-insertion= rectum
-action= pelvic support
-innervation= pudendal n.
A
puborectalis
21
Q
What muscle is this?
-origin= pubis
-insertion= coccyx
-action= pelvic support
-innervation= pudendal n.
A
pubococcygeus
22
Q
What muscle is this?
-origin= ilium
-insertion= coccyx
-action= pelvic support
-innervation= pudendal n.
A
iliococcygeus
23
Q
What muscle is this?
-origin= ischium
-insertion= coccyx
-action= pelvic support
-innervation= pudendal n.
A
coccygeus (ischiococcygeus)
24
Q
What 2 muscles are in the deep perineal pouch (aka urogenital diaphragm muscles)?
A
1) sphincter urethrae
2) deep transverse perineal
25
What are the 3 muscles of the superficial perineal pouch?
1) ischiocavernosus
2) bulbospongiosus
3) superficial transverse perineal
26
All muscles of the pelvic diaphragm floor and muscles of the perineum are innervated by the....
test q
perineal branch of the pudendal n. (sacral plexus)
27
What is the sympathetic nerve innervation for the pelvis?
test q
sacral splanchnic n. (S1-S5)
28
What is the parasympathetic nerve innervation for the pelvis?
test q
pelvis splanchnic n. (S2-S4)
29
What are the 2 divisions of the internal iliac a.?
anterior and posterior
30
What are the terminal branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac a.?
superior gluteal a. and lateral sacral a.
31
What are the terminal branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac a.?
internal pudendal and inferior gluteal a
32
What are the 3 branches of the uterine a.?
test q
1) vaginal a.
2) ovarian a.
3) tubal a.
33
The umbilical a. branches into...
superior vesical (bladder) a.
34
The vaginal a. branches into....
inferior vesical (bladder) a.
35
The internal pudendal a. has 1 branch that is NOT terminal. What is it?
inferior rectal a.
36
What are the terminal branches of the internal pudendal a?
artery to penis or clitoris, and perineal a.
37
What is the terminal branch of the artery to penis or clitoris?
dorsal a.
38
What are the perineal a branches?
R/L scrotal for males and R/L labial a for females
39
The gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries branch from the....
abdominal aorta
40
The testicular a courses with the....
spermatic cord through the inguinal canal to the testicle
41
The ovarian a. courses to pelvis and then medially within the...
suspensory ligament to ovary
42
The R gonadal v. drains into the...
IVC
43
The L gonadal v. drains into....
L renal v.
44
Which structure drains urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder?
ureters
45
The ureters course over bifurcation of _________________ arteries
common iliac
46
What are the 3 constrictions of ureters?
1) junction of renal pelvis
2) cross brim of pelvis
3) wall of urinary bladder
47
Which structure is a hollow muscular organ that is a temporary reservoir for urine?
urinary bladder
48
Where is the urinary bladder?
-in the true pelvis
-infraperitoneal
-posterior to pubic bones and pubic symphysis
-anterior to female internal reproductive organs
49
Which muscle is a 3 layered smooth muscle in the bladder wall and contracts to urinate?
test q
detrusor m.
50
Which structure is a muscular tube that drains internal urethral orifice of the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice?
test q
urethra
51
Which structure removes urine from body?
urethra
52
How does the location of the external urethral orifice differ between genders?
males= located at the tip of glans penis
females= at the vestibule of vagina
53
Which urethral sphincter is in the bladder wall and is involuntary?
test q
internal urethral sphincter
54
Which urethral sphincter is in the urogenital diaphragm and is voluntary?
test q
external urethral sphincter
55
Which gender will have the internal urethral sphincter as an extension of the detrusor muscle into the neck of the bladder?
females
56
What is the order of male urethral structures/sphincters from inside out?
1) internal urethral sphincter in the bladder
2) prostatic urethra in the prostate
3) external urethral sphincter in the urogenital diaphragm
4) membranous urethra in the urogenital diaphragm
5) spongy penile urethra in the penis
57
What is the order of female urethral structures/sphincters from inside out?
1) internal urethral sphincter in the neck of bladder (not a true sphincter)
2) urethra
3) external urethral sphincter in the urogenital diaphragm
58
Which structure is in the pelvic part of digestive tract and is found between the sigmoid colon and anal canal?
rectum
59
Which structure begins at the level of S3 at the rectosigmoid junction?
test q
rectum
60
Which structure ends at the tip of coccyx?
test q
rectum
61
Features that were characteristic of the colon discontinue at the rectum. What are these features?
test q
1) teniae coli spread to form continuous smooth muscle layer
2) epiploic appendages discontinue
3) plicae semilunares of colon end and are replaced with transverse folds
62
What is the terminal part of LI called?
anal canal
63
Which structure is from the pelvic diaphragm to anus and begins at the anorectal flexure but ends at the external opening of anus?
anal canal
64
The pectineal line divides the anal canal into...
test q
upper and lower anal canals
65
Which part of the anal canal is columnar epithelium and visceral?
test q
upper (columnar) anal canal
66
Which part of the anal canal is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (anal pecten) and is somatic?
test q
lower (anoderm) anal canal
67
Which sphincter relaxes for defecation?
both internal and external anal sphincters
68
describe the structure of an ovary
-has a cortex (ovarian follicles)
-has a medulla for nerves, blood, and lymph vessels to run through
69
Where are ovaries located?
near the lateral walls of pelvic cavity
70
The ovaries are an endocrine organ. What do they secrete?
estrogen and progesterone
71
In women, the uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and ovaries are all ___________________
intraperitoneal
72
What are the ligaments of the ovary?
1) ovarian ligament
2) suspensory ligament of ovary
73
Where is the ovarian ligament located?
within mesovarium, just inferior to uterine tubes
74
The ovarian ligament tethers the....
ovary to uterus
75
The suspensory ligament of ovary suspends the ovary from the lateral pelvic wall. What does the suspensory ligament contain?
test q
ovarian nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
76
What is the mesovarium?
-mesentery of ovary
-part of broad ligament (mesentery) of uterus
-functions to suspend ovaries
-subdivision of broad ligament of uterus
77
What is the external anatomy of an ovary?
1) geminal epithelium (outer serous membrane continuous with pelvic peritoneum but epithelial layer only)
2) tunica albuginea (inner fibrous layer that forms capsule)
78
What is the internal anatomy of an ovary?
1) cortex (outer portion)
2) medulla (inner portion houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics)
79
What is found on the cortex of ovaries?
ovarian follicles (egg and surrounding cells)
80
An aggregation of cells that surrounds one immature oocyte (egg) is called....
test q
ovarian follicle
81
What are the layers of tertiary (vesicular or graafian) ovarian follicle from inside out?
82
Where is estrogen and progestrone specifically produced?
membrana granulosa
83
At ovulation, the __________________ and _____________ continue to surround oocyte and leave with it
test q
zona pellucida, corona radiata
84
How long does the oocyte survive after ovulation?
12-24 hrs
85
What produces high level of progesterone to maintain uterine lining and pregnancy?
test q
corpus luteum
86
Cellular remains (theca and membrana granulosa) of ruptured ovarian follicle left in ovary that takes over hormone production after ovulation (ejection of oocyte)
test q
corpus luteum
87
What has moderate estrogen and inhibin production and is maintained by hCG produced by fertilized egg implantation in uterus?
test q
corpus luteum
88
What is degraded corpus luteum if no implantation/hCG and is composed of collagen scar tissue called?
test q
corpus albicans
89
What are the major hormones of the ovary?
test q
estrogen and progesterone
90
What are the 4 parts of uterine/fallopian tubes?
test q
1) infundibulum (has fimbriae/finger-like processes and abdominal ostium/ opening to peritoneal cavity near ovary)
2) ampulla
3) isthmus
4) uterine part
91
What part of the uterine tube is open to peritoneum?
test q
infundibulum
92
Where does the ovulated oocyte first enter?
test q
infundibulum
93
What is the widest part of uterine tube and the longest part where fertilization usually occurs?
test q
ampulla
94
What is the proximal narrow thick walled part of uterine tube called?
isthmus
95
The uterine part of the uterine tube is intramural, meaning its in the....
wall of the uterus
96
T/F: uterine tubes = female duct system so theres little to no contact with ovaries
true
97
The uterus/womb is a hollow muscular organ. What shape is it?
pear shaped
98
Where is the uterus found?
within true pelvis if nongravid/non-pregnant
99
Which structure in the female reproductive system is for embryo and fetal development, its anteverted (leans forward) and anteflexed (bends forward), and lies against/over the urinary bladder?
uterus/womb
100
What is the mesosalpinx?
test q
mesentery of uterine tube
101
What is the mesometrium?
test q
mesentery of uterus
102
What are the 4 parts of the body of uterus?
1) fundus (superior rounded part)
2) isthmus (constricted part separating body from cervix)
3) uterine wall
4) uterine cavity (has uterine horns in the superolateral regions of cavity)
103
What are the 3 parts of the cervix of the uterus?
1) cervical canal (continuation of uterine cavity)
2) supravaginal part above vagina (has the internal os which is the opening between uterus and cervix)
3) intravaginal part protrudes with vagina (has external os and fornix)
104
Which canal is a continuation of the uterine cavity?
cervical cavity
105
The internal os is between the...
uterus and cervix
106
Which part of the cervix protrudes within vagina?
intravaginal part
107
The external os is the opening between....
cervix and vagina
108
The fornix is a recess between the....
intravaginal part of cervix and the vagina
109
Is the cervix a part of the uterus?
yes
110
What are the layers of the uterine wall from outside in?
1) perimetrium (outer, visceral serous peritoneum)
2) myometrium (middle, smooth muscle)
3) endometrium (inner, epithelial)
111
The endometrium of the uterus has 2 layers. What are they?
1) stratum basalis
2) stratum functionalis
112
Which layer of the endometrium of the uterus is shed and replaced in the menstrual phase of uterine cycle?
stratum functionalis
113
Which structure is collapsed toward midline, is distensible, in the inferior art of birth canal, outlet for menstrual fluid, and the pH is moderately acidic?
vagina
114
What are the 4 features of the vagina?
1) fornix
2) rugae (epithelial folds)
3) orifice (opening to exterior)
4) hymen (mucus membrane that partially covers vaginal orifice)
115
The vaginal fornix is a vaulted peripheral recess where the vaginal....
cervix meets the vagina
116
What is the cleft between labia minora called?
test q
vestibule of vagina
117
Does the vestibule of vagina include the clitoris?
test q
no, it lies anterior to vestibule
118
What are the contents of the vestibule of vagina?
test q
1) vaginal orifice
2) external urethral orifice
3) openings of ducts of greater/bartholins and lesser/skenes vestibular glands
119
The bartholins/greater vestibular glands in females are homologous to ______________ glands in males
test q
bulbourethral
"B and B glands"
120
The senes glands in females are homologous to _____________ glands in males
test q
proState
"S and S glands"
121
All external parts of female genitalia are called....
test q
vulva
122
Which structure is a cutaneous sac with 2 layers: sin and dartos fascia (largely smooth m.)?
scrotum
123
What is the septum of the scrotum?
extension of dartos fascia divided into L/R compartments
124
What are the male gonads called?
testes
125
Which structure produces sperm and testosterone?
testes
126
Which structure is suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord?
testes (note the L side usually hangs lower than the R)
127
What is the external anatomy for the testes?
1) tunica vaginalis (outer serous membrane)
2) tunica albuginea (inner fibrous capsule, septa form lobules)
128
What is the internal anatomy for the testes?
approx 250 lobules in testes
each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)
129
Which structure carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules in the lobules of the testes to the rete testis in mediastinum testis?
tubulus rectus
130
What is the rete testis?
-network of interconnected tubules
-modifies luminal fluid and mixes with sperm
131
The efferent ductules carry sperm from the rete testis to the...
epididymis (outside of testicle)
132
What are the 4 cells in the seminifourous tubules?
1) spermatogenic (spermatogonia) cells
2) interstitial cells of leydig
3) sertoli cells
4) myoid cells
