THORAX I Flashcards
What are the anterior, posterior and lateral borders of the superior thoracic aperture?
Anterior- The manubrium
Posterior- T1 vertebra
Lateral- The first ribs
What are the anterior, posterior, anterolateral and posterolateral borders of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Anterior- xiphisternum
Posterior- T12 vertebra
Anterolateral- Costal cartilage
Posterolateral- 11th and 12th ribs
What do the pedicles of a thoracic vertebra connect?
Pedicles connect the body to the transverse processes
What do the lamina of a thoracic vertebra connect?
The lamina connect the transverse processes to the spinous process
Where are the superior articular processes and what do they join to?
The superior articular processes are at the top of the vertebra and join to the inferior articular processes of the vertebra above, connecting the adjacent vertebrae
Where do the ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae?
The costovertebral joints and the costotransverse joints
What forms the costovertebral joints?
The head of the rib attaches to the superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above
What part of the rib articulates with the transverse facet to form the costotransverse joint?
The tubercle of the rib
What passes through the vertebral canal?
The spinal cord
In what order are the vessels that run in the costal groove found?
From superior to inferior: intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve
Why does the second rib have a roughened area on its superior surface?
Serratus anterior originates from this rough patch
Name the 4 ribs with only 1 facet
1, 10, 11 and 12
Where do ribs 1-7 articulate anteriorly?
The sternum
Where do ribs 8-10 articulate anteriorly?
Costal cartilage
Where do ribs 11 and 12 articulate anteriorly?
They don’t; they’re floating ribs. They end in abdominal musculature
Where do rib fractures most commonly occur?
The middle of the rib, just anterior to the angle
What is flail chest?
Where 2 or more fractures occur in 2 or more adjacent ribs, which renders the affected area out of control of the thoracic muscles. This impairs full expansion of the ribcage
What is platysma?
A superficial muscle that overlaps the SCM. A broad sheet that arises from the fascia covering the upper parts of pectoralis major and the deltoids. Its actions are facial expression
Name the 2 heads of pectoralis major
The sternocostal head and the clavicular head
Where does the clavicular head of pectoralis major originate?
The anterior surface of the medial clavicle
Where does the sternocostal head of pectoralis major originate?
The anterior surface of the sternum, the superior 6 costal cartilages and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Where does pectoralis major insert?
The inter-tubercular sulcus of the humerus
Where does pectoralis major originate?
Ribs 3, 4 and 5
Where does pectoralis minor insert?
The coracoid process on the scapula
Where does serratus anterior originate?
Lateral aspects of ribs 1-8
Where does serratus anterior insert?
The costal surface of the medial border of the scapula
Where does subclavius originate?
The junction of the 1st rib and its costal cartilage
Where does subclavius insert?
Inferior surface of the middle 1/3 of the clavicle
What does the internal thoracic artery supply?
The anterior chest wall and the breasts
Where does the internal thoracic artery run?
Along either anterolateral aspect of the sternum
What does the internal thoracic artery bifurcate into?
The superior epigastric artery and the Musculophrenic artery
What artery does the internal thoracic artery arise from?
The subclavian artery
The internal thoracic veins are venae comitantes. What does this mean?
These veins run alongside the internal thoracic arteries
Where does the thoraco-acromial artery arise?
The second part of the axillary artery
What muscles does the thoracic-acromial artery supply?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and the anterior deltoid
What does the lateral thoracic artery supply?
The lateral thorax and lateral breast
Where does the lateral thoracic artery originate?
The axillary artery
What muscles does the lateral thoracic artery supply?
Serratus anterior, pectoralis major and subscapularis
What do breast lobules produce?
Milk
What do lactiferous ducts connect?
The nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland
What’s the name of the ligaments that maintain structural integrity in the breasts?
Cooper’s ligaments
What’s the function of the innermost intercostal muscle in respiration?
The innermost intercostals depress the ribcage for expiration
Where do the upper 2 posterior intercostal arteries arise?
The subclavian artery
Where do the lower 9 posterior intercostal arteries arise?
The aorta
In what conditions would a chest drain be needed?
Pleural effusion or haemothorax
What muscle does the long thoracic nerve innervate?
Serratus anterior
What do the medial and lateral pectoral nerves innervate?
The medial pectoral nerve innervates both pectoralis major and pectoralis minor, while the lateral pectoral nerve only innervates pectoralis major
