Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy yr 1 > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Preservation

A

An action to keep something safe from harm, destruction or decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conservation

A

The process of a careful preservation and protection of something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Embalmment

A

The treatment (of a dead body) with special chemicals so as to protect it from decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anatomical position

A

The description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Caudal

A

Away from the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proximal

A

Near the trunk or point of origin of a part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Distal

A

Away from the trunk or point of origin of a part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Coronal plane

A

A vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane running from front to back, which divides the body into left and right sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Axial plane (transverse)

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Median plane

A

A sagittal plane through the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Contents of the thoracic cavity

A

Heart, lungs, tracheae, oesophagus, large blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contents of each portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal portion: most of the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys and the adrenal glands.
Pelvic portion: most of the urogenital system, and the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The dorsal cavity and its contents

A

The dorsal cavity is situated towards the posterior end of the body when in the anatomical position. The upper portion of the dorsal cavity-the cranial cavity- contains the brain, while the lower portion- the vertebral canal- contains the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Flexion

A

A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Extension

A

A movement the increases the angle between two body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Abduction

A

A movement away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Adduction

A

A movement towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotational movement towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotational movement away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Elevation

A

Movement in a superior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Depression

A

Movement in an inferior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Supine/ supination

A

Lying flat on the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Prone/ pronation

A

Lying flat on the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cranial

A

Neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Acromial

A

At the point of the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Antecubital

A

Forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Digital

A

Fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Patellar

A

Anterior knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Crural

A

Leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Digital

A

Toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Orbital

A

Eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Mental

A

Chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sternal

A

Breastbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Fibular/Peroneal

A

Side of leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Hallux

A

Great toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Manus

A

Hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Otic

A

Ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Occipital

A

Back of head or base of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Dorsum/Dorsal

A

Back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Olecranal

A

Back of elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Sacral

A

Sacrum (between hips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Perineal

A

Region between the anus and external genetalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Sural

A

Calf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Where does the right subclavian artery come to an ‘end’?

A

The right subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the border of the 1st rib.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does the axillary artery become once it leaves the axilla?

A

The brachial artery in the anterior compartment of the upper arm. Begins at the inferior border of the teres major tendon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What does the brachial artery become once it reaches the cubital fossa?

A

The brachial artery bifurcates into the radial artery (lateral) and the ulnar artery (medial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What palmar arch does the radial artery mainly form?

A

The deep palmar arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What palmar arch does the ulnar artery mainly form?

A

The superficial palmar arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is the largest blood vessel in the abdomen?

A

The abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What does the abdominal aorta supply?

A

The abdominal organs, the pelvis and the lower limbs, the undersurface of the diaphragm and parts of the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta begin and end and what does it continue from?

A

The abdominal aorta begins at the vertebral level T12, continuing from the thoracic aorta. The abdominal aorta ends at L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

At L4, the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What do the common iliac arteries soon divide into and what do they supply?

A

The internal iliac artery (which supplies the pelvis) and the external iliac artery (which supplies the lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What do the external iliac arteries become once they leave the pelvic girdle?

A

The femoral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the mid-inguinal point and what is its significance?

A

The mid-point between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis. The femoral pulse can be felt here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

When the femoral artery enters the popliteal fossa, what does it become?

A

The popliteal artery, which continues to the distal border of the Popliteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The popliteal artery bifurcates at the distal border of the Popliteus. What does it become?

A

The popliteal artery bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery give off?

A

The fibular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery give off? Where can the pulse of this be felt?

A

The dorsalis pedis (medial to the tendon of the hallux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Which half of the body does the superior vena cava drain blood from?

A

The cranial half of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What 2 veins form the superior vena cava?

A

The left and right brachiocephalic (or innominate) veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What do the 2 brachiocephalic veins receive blood from?

A

The upper limbs, the eyes and the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What are the brachiocephalic veins formed from?

A

The union of the corresponding internal jugular and subclavian veins, at the level of the sternoclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What forms the subclavian vein?

A

The axillary vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What forms the axillary vein?

A

The basilic (medial) and brachial (intermediate) veins, which run though the upper arm

97
Q

What is the name of the vein that cross from the cephalic to the basilica vein and where does it cross?

A

The antecubital vein branches from the cephalic vein, runs across the cubital fossa and joins the basilic vein

98
Q

Further proximally up the arm from the cubital fossa, what vein joins the basilic vein?

A

The brachial vein

99
Q

To what aspect of the hand do the veins of the thumb and fingers pass?

A

The dorsal aspect of the hand

100
Q

What do the superficial veins draining the dorsal aspect of the forearm unite to form?

A

The cephalic vein

101
Q

What do the veins draining the flexor aspect of the forearm unite to form?

A

The basilic vein

102
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein run?

A

The great saphenous vein runs from the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus, passes up the medial side of the knee and to the top of the thigh

103
Q

What’s the name of the opening in the fascia lata, through which the great saphenous vein passes?

A

The saphenous hiatus

104
Q

What does the great saphenous vein join/become just prior to passing deep to the inguinal ligament?

A

The femoral vein

105
Q

What does the femoral vein become once it passes under the inguinal ligament (heading towards the heart)?

A

The external iliac vein

106
Q

The external vein joins the internal iliac vein to form what?

A

The common iliac vein

107
Q

The right and left common iliac veins join in the midline to form what?

A

The inferior vena cava

108
Q

What’s the name of the vein which runs through the back of the knee?

A

The popliteal vein

109
Q

What is the source of the small saphenous vein and what does it drain into?

A

The source of the small saphenous vein is the dorsal venous arch of the foot. It runs up the posterior aspect of the leg and passes between the heads of the gastrocnemius, then drains into the popliteal vein

110
Q

What 3 things run together, encased in fascia, which make up the neurovascular bundle in the neck?

A

The common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve make up the carotid sheath.

111
Q

What does the common carotid artery run lateral to as it ascends through the neck?

A

The common carotid artery runs lateral to the thyroid glands, the trachea and the larynx

112
Q

What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?

A

The external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery

113
Q

What do the branches of the external carotid artery supply?

A

The skull, the dura and all of the head outside the cranial cavity, apart from the orbit

114
Q

What arteries supply the brain?

A

The internal carotid artery and the vertebral arteries

115
Q

What does the internal jugular vein receive as it comes past the angle of the mandible?

A

The common facial vein

116
Q

By what muscle is the internal jugular vein covered?

A

The sternocleidomastoid

117
Q

What does the superior vena cava bifurcate into?

A

2 brachiocephalic veins

118
Q

Where is the exterior jugular vein found?

A

The external jugular vein is formed below the ear and is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, crossing its lateral border and passing behind the clavicle to join the subclavian vein

119
Q

Where does the anterior jugular vein empty into?

A

The subclavian vein

120
Q

What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?

A

The tricuspid valve

121
Q

What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?

A

The mitral (bicuspid) valve

122
Q

What is the name of the valve leaving the right ventricle?

A

The pulmonary valve

123
Q

What is the name of the valve leaving the left ventricle?

A

The aortic valve

124
Q

What is the difference between the atrioventricular valves and the pulmonary and aortic valves?

A

The tricuspid and mitral valves had cordae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when blood is forced through the pulmonary and aortic valves

125
Q

What is S1?

A

The start of systole, where a ‘Lub’ sound can be heard, which is the sound of the atrioventricular valves closing

126
Q

Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the aortic valve?

A

The second intercostal space, to the right of the sternal body

127
Q

Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the pulmonary valve?

A

The second intercostal space, to the left of the sternal body

128
Q

Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the tricuspid valve?

A

The fourth intercostal space, to the left of the sternal body

129
Q

Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the mitral valve?

A

The fifth intercostal space, in the left midclavicular line

130
Q

What do the cordae tendinae anchor to?

A

The papillary muscles

131
Q

What is the name of the sac in which the heart is found?

A

The pericardium

132
Q

What is the name of the condition where there’s bleeding into the pericardium?

A

Cardiac tamponade

133
Q

What are the names of the 2 layers of the pericardium and which is which?

A

The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer, and the parietal serous pericardium is the inner lining

134
Q

What is the meaning of the term serous?

A

Serous means that it produces fluid that allows for friction-free movement (of the heart inside the sac)

135
Q

What is the first part of the respiratory tract?

A

The nasal cavity

136
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?

A

The vestibule, the respiratory region and the olfactory region

137
Q

Describe the vestibule

A

The vestibule is the area surrounding the anterior external opening of the nasal cavity

138
Q

Describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

The respiratory region is lined by a ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium. interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells

139
Q

Describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A

The olfactory region is located at the apex of the nasal cavity and is lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors.

140
Q

What are the 3 pairs of conchal bones called?

A

The inferior conchal, middle conchal and superior conchal bones

141
Q

What are the pathways between the conchal bones called?

A

The inferior meatus, the middle meatus, the superior meatus and the spheno-ethmoidal recess

142
Q

What is the inferior meatus?

A

The pathway between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity

143
Q

What is the middle concha?

A

The pathway between the inferior and middle conchae

144
Q

What is the superior concha?

A

The pathway between the middle and superior conchae

145
Q

What is the spheno-ethmoidal recess?

A

The pathway found superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha

146
Q

What is the function of the concha?

A

To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, proving for rapid warming and humidification of inspired air as it moves towards the lungs

147
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

The nasal cavity

148
Q

Where do the frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses open into?

A

They open into the middle meatus

149
Q

What marks the location of this opening into the middle meatus?

A

The semilunar hiatus

150
Q

What surface do the middle ethmoidal sinuses empty out onto?

A

The ethmoidal bulla

151
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open out at?

A

The level of the superior meatus

152
Q

What’s the name of the only structure not to open out onto the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and where does it drain?

A

The sphenoid sinus drains onto the posterior roof

153
Q

Where does the pharynx begin and end?

A

Begins at the base of the skull and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

154
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

The nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

155
Q

Where’s the nasopharynx found?

A

Between the base of the skull and the soft palate

156
Q

What is the respiratory function of the nasopharynx?

A

The nasopharynx conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx

157
Q

What lines the inner surface of the nasopharynx?

A

A ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells which can secrete mucus

158
Q

What tonsils are found in the posterosuperior nasopharynx, and between what ages do they enlarge before regressing?

A

The adenoid tonsils enlarge between the ages of 3 and 8

159
Q

If pathologically enlarged due to viral infections of the URT, adenoid tonsils can obstruct the opening of which tube?

A

The Eustachian tube

160
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

The Eustachian tube is responsible for equalising pressure in the middle ear with the outer atmosphere. Chronic obstruction of the Eustachian tube prevents this.

161
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis

162
Q

The oropharynx contains the posterior 1/3rd of…

A

…the tongue

163
Q

What tonsils does the oropharynx contain?

A

The lingual tonsils (under the tongue) and the palatine tonsils- lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa.

164
Q

What muscle is found in the oropharynx?

A

The superior constrictor muscle

165
Q

What’s Waldeyer’s ring?

A

The ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso- and oropharynx, formed by the paired palatine tonsils, the adenoid tonsils and the lingual tonsils

166
Q

What is the oropharynx involved in? (2 phases)

A

The oropharynx is involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing.

167
Q

Where’s the laryngopharynx located?

A

Between the superior border of the epiglottis and he inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).

168
Q

What’s the laryngopharynx continuous with inferiorly?

A

The oesophagus

169
Q

What is the laryngopharynx posterior too?

A

The larynx

170
Q

The laryngopharynx contains 2 constrictors. What are they called?

A

The middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

171
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

The larynx is an organ located in the anterior neck

172
Q

List 3 functions of the larynx

A

Phonation, the cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract

173
Q

What is the larynx made up of for the most part?

A

The larynx is mainly cartilaginous, and it’s held together by a series of ligaments and membranes

174
Q

Which spinal levels does the larynx span from?

A

C3 to C6

175
Q

The larynx is suspended from which bone?

A

The hyoid bone

176
Q

What is the larynx continuous with inferiorly?

A

The trachea

177
Q

What is posterior to the larynx?

A

The oesophagus

178
Q

The larynx’s internal cavity can be separated into 3 sections. Name them

A

The supraglottis. the glottis and the subglottis

179
Q

In which of the 3 parts of the larynx are the vocal cords?

A

The glottis

180
Q

What’s the name of the gap between the vocal cords?

A

Rima glottidis

181
Q

What lines the interior surface of the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

182
Q

The true vocal cords are not lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, What are they lined by?

A

A stratified squamous epithelium

183
Q

What is the condition caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Vocal cord paralysis

184
Q

What make up the tracheobrachial tree?

A

The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

185
Q

Where does the trachea start and finish?

A

The trachea starts at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and runs down to the point at which it bifurcates: carina (T4).

186
Q

What does the trachea run anterior to as it descends?

A

The oesophagus

187
Q

What muscle supports the open ends of the C-shaped cartilage rings that hold open the trachea?

A

Trachealis

188
Q

What are the trachea and bronchi lined by?

A

A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

189
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

The combination of the sweeping cilia and the mucus from the goblet cells as a mechanism to trap inhaled particles and pathogens and moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed

190
Q

From what nerve does the trachea receive sensory innervation?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

191
Q

Where does arterial blood supply to the trachea come from?

A

The tracheal branches of the inferior thyroid artery

192
Q

What 3 veins are responsible for venous drainage of the trachea?

A

The brachiocephalic vein
The azygous vein
The accessory hemiazygous vein

193
Q

What does each secondary bronchus supply?

A

A different lobe of the lungs

194
Q

How are the left and right principle bronchi different?

A

The right bronchus is wider, shorter and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart

195
Q

Why is the difference in the principle bronchi clinically important?

A

The structure of the right bronchus results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation

196
Q

What’s the name for the ‘functional unit’ of the lung?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

197
Q

What do the lobar bronchi bifurcate into?

A

Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi

198
Q

What component of bronchi and the trachea is different in shape?

A

Their cartilage

199
Q

What shape is the cartilage in the main bronchi?

A

Complete circles

200
Q

The segmental bronchi branch further into what structures?

A

Bronchioles

201
Q

What don’t bronchioles contain?

A

Bronchioles don’t contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells

202
Q

What are the specialised cells in bronchioles called and what do they produce?

A

Club cells produce a surfactant lipoprotein which is instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration

203
Q

What do conducting bronchioles end as?

A

Terminal bronchioles

204
Q

What do terminal bronchioles branch further into?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli extending from their lumens

205
Q

Describe alveoli

A

Tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls made of simple squamous epithelium. The site of gas exchange in the lungs, providing a large surface area

206
Q

How many alveoli are there roughly in adult lungs

A

300 million

207
Q

What’s another name for the pituitary gland?

A

The hypophysis

208
Q

Describe the structure and position of the pituitary gland

A

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure, suspended from the underside of the brain by the pituitary stalk (the infundibulum). It sits in a small depression in the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica.

209
Q

What’s the name of the reflection of the dura mater through which the infundibulum passes?

A

The diaphragma sellae

210
Q

What is anterior to the pituitary gland?(The gland can be accessed via this structure in surgery)

A

The sphenoid sinus

211
Q

What 4 things are found posterior to the pituitary gland?

A

The posterior intercavernous sinus, the dorsum sellae, the basilar artery and the pons

212
Q

What sinus is lateral to the pituitary gland?

A

The cavernous sinus

213
Q

What are the names of the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior lobe is called the adenohypophysis. The posterior lobe is called the neurohypophysis.

214
Q

What are the names of the 3 parts of the anterior lobe?

A

Pars anterior, Pars intermediate and Pars tuberalis

215
Q

What is pars anterior responsible for?

A

Pars anterior is responsible for hormone secretion.

216
Q

Via what vessels does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland to control hormone release?

A

The hypophyseal portal vessels

217
Q

What is the importance of the hypophyseal portal vessels?

A

These vessels ensure that the hypothalamic hormones remain concentrated, rather than being diluted in the systemic circulation

218
Q

What tissue type does the posterior lobe of the pituitary consist of?

A

Nervous tissue

219
Q

Upon stimulation, which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin

220
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Regulation of blood osmolarity

221
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Parturition and milk secretion

222
Q

How many bones make up the cranium?

A

There are 8 bones

223
Q

What does the sphenoid bone consist of?

A

A body, paired greater wings and lesser wings, and 2 pterygoid processes

224
Q

What sinuses does the body of the sphenoid bone contain?

A

The sphenoid sinuses

225
Q

With what bone does the sphenoid bone articulate with anteriorly and where do the sphenoid sinuses open up into ?

A

The sphenoid body articulates anteriorly with the ethmoid bone. Here, the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity

226
Q

What structure is found on the superior surface of the sphenoid body?

A

The sella turcica, where the pituitary gland sits

227
Q

What is the schismatic groove in the superior surface of the sphenoid body?

A

A sulcus formed by the optic chiasm (where the optic nerves partially cross).

228
Q

In what direction do the greater wings extend from the sphenoid body?

A

A lateral, superior and posterior direction.

229
Q

What 3 parts of the facial skeleton do the greater wings of the sphenoid bone contribute to?

A

The floor of the middle cranial fossa.
The lateral wall of the skull.
The posterolateral wall of the orbit.

230
Q

What are the names of the 3 foramina present on each of the greater wings?

A

The foramen rotundum, foramen vale and foramen spinosum.

231
Q

In what direction do the lesser wings arise from the sphenoid body?

A

A superolateral direction

232
Q

What border of the optic canal does each lesser wing form?

A

The lateral border of the optic canal

233
Q

The pterygoid processes descend inferiorly from what point of the sphenoid bone?

A

The pterygoid process descends inferiorly from the points of junction between the sphenoid body and the greater wings

234
Q

What are the names of the 2 parts of the pterygoid processes?

A

The medial pterygoid plate and the lateral pterygoid plate

235
Q

Where and at what spinal level does the hyoid bone lie?

A

The hyoid bone lies at ~C3, at the base of the mandible in the anterior neck

236
Q

What is the hyoid bone composed of?

A

A body, 2 greater horns and 2 lesser horns

237
Q

From what chamber of the heart does the aorta emerge?

A

The left ventricle

238
Q

What three arteries. branch off the aortic arch?

A

First branch- brachiocephalic artery.
Second branch- Left common carotid artery
Third branch- Left subclavian artery

239
Q

What does the brachiocephalic artery bifurcate into?

A

The right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery

Anatomy yr 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions