Terminology Flashcards
Preservation
An action to keep something safe from harm, destruction or decomposition
Conservation
The process of a careful preservation and protection of something
Embalmment
The treatment (of a dead body) with special chemicals so as to protect it from decay
Anatomical position
The description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance
Anterior
Towards the front
Ventral
Towards the front
Posterior
Towards the back
Dorsal
Towards the back
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Superior
Towards the head end
Cranial
Towards the head end
Inferior
Away from the head
Caudal
Away from the head
Proximal
Near the trunk or point of origin of a part
Distal
Away from the trunk or point of origin of a part
Coronal plane
A vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane running from front to back, which divides the body into left and right sides
Axial plane (transverse)
A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions
Median plane
A sagittal plane through the midline
Contents of the thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs, tracheae, oesophagus, large blood vessels and nerves
Contents of each portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal portion: most of the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys and the adrenal glands.
Pelvic portion: most of the urogenital system, and the rectum
The dorsal cavity and its contents
The dorsal cavity is situated towards the posterior end of the body when in the anatomical position. The upper portion of the dorsal cavity-the cranial cavity- contains the brain, while the lower portion- the vertebral canal- contains the spinal cord.
Flexion
A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
Extension
A movement the increases the angle between two body parts
Abduction
A movement away from the midline
Adduction
A movement towards the midline
Medial rotation
Rotational movement towards the midline
Lateral rotation
Rotational movement away from the midline
Elevation
Movement in a superior direction
Depression
Movement in an inferior direction
Supine/ supination
Lying flat on the back
Prone/ pronation
Lying flat on the front
Cranial
Neck
Acromial
At the point of the shoulder
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Pollex
Thumb
Palmar
Palm
Digital
Fingers
Patellar
Anterior knee
Crural
Leg
Pedal
Foot
Tarsal
Ankle
Digital
Toes
Frontal
Forehead
Orbital
Eye
Buccal
Cheek
Mental
Chin
Sternal
Breastbone
Coxal
Hip
Inguinal
Groin
Femoral
Thigh
Fibular/Peroneal
Side of leg
Hallux
Great toe
Cephalic
Head
Manus
Hand
Otic
Ear
Occipital
Back of head or base of skull
Vertebral
Spinal column
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Dorsum/Dorsal
Back
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Lumbar
Loin
Sacral
Sacrum (between hips)
Gluteal
Buttock
Perineal
Region between the anus and external genetalia
Femoral
Thigh
Popliteal
Back of the knee
Sural
Calf
Calcaneal
Heel
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Where does the right subclavian artery come to an ‘end’?
The right subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the border of the 1st rib.
What does the axillary artery become once it leaves the axilla?
The brachial artery in the anterior compartment of the upper arm. Begins at the inferior border of the teres major tendon.
What does the brachial artery become once it reaches the cubital fossa?
The brachial artery bifurcates into the radial artery (lateral) and the ulnar artery (medial)
What palmar arch does the radial artery mainly form?
The deep palmar arch
What palmar arch does the ulnar artery mainly form?
The superficial palmar arch
What is the largest blood vessel in the abdomen?
The abdominal aorta
What does the abdominal aorta supply?
The abdominal organs, the pelvis and the lower limbs, the undersurface of the diaphragm and parts of the abdominal wall
Where does the abdominal aorta begin and end and what does it continue from?
The abdominal aorta begins at the vertebral level T12, continuing from the thoracic aorta. The abdominal aorta ends at L4
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
At L4, the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries
What do the common iliac arteries soon divide into and what do they supply?
The internal iliac artery (which supplies the pelvis) and the external iliac artery (which supplies the lower extremities
What do the external iliac arteries become once they leave the pelvic girdle?
The femoral arteries
What is the mid-inguinal point and what is its significance?
The mid-point between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis. The femoral pulse can be felt here
When the femoral artery enters the popliteal fossa, what does it become?
The popliteal artery, which continues to the distal border of the Popliteus
The popliteal artery bifurcates at the distal border of the Popliteus. What does it become?
The popliteal artery bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What does the posterior tibial artery give off?
The fibular artery
What does the anterior tibial artery give off? Where can the pulse of this be felt?
The dorsalis pedis (medial to the tendon of the hallux)
Which half of the body does the superior vena cava drain blood from?
The cranial half of the body
What 2 veins form the superior vena cava?
The left and right brachiocephalic (or innominate) veins
What do the 2 brachiocephalic veins receive blood from?
The upper limbs, the eyes and the neck
What are the brachiocephalic veins formed from?
The union of the corresponding internal jugular and subclavian veins, at the level of the sternoclavicular joint
What forms the subclavian vein?
The axillary vein
What forms the axillary vein?
The basilic (medial) and brachial (intermediate) veins, which run though the upper arm
What is the name of the vein that cross from the cephalic to the basilica vein and where does it cross?
The antecubital vein branches from the cephalic vein, runs across the cubital fossa and joins the basilic vein
Further proximally up the arm from the cubital fossa, what vein joins the basilic vein?
The brachial vein
To what aspect of the hand do the veins of the thumb and fingers pass?
The dorsal aspect of the hand
What do the superficial veins draining the dorsal aspect of the forearm unite to form?
The cephalic vein
What do the veins draining the flexor aspect of the forearm unite to form?
The basilic vein
Where does the great saphenous vein run?
The great saphenous vein runs from the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus, passes up the medial side of the knee and to the top of the thigh
What’s the name of the opening in the fascia lata, through which the great saphenous vein passes?
The saphenous hiatus
What does the great saphenous vein join/become just prior to passing deep to the inguinal ligament?
The femoral vein
What does the femoral vein become once it passes under the inguinal ligament (heading towards the heart)?
The external iliac vein
The external vein joins the internal iliac vein to form what?
The common iliac vein
The right and left common iliac veins join in the midline to form what?
The inferior vena cava
What’s the name of the vein which runs through the back of the knee?
The popliteal vein
What is the source of the small saphenous vein and what does it drain into?
The source of the small saphenous vein is the dorsal venous arch of the foot. It runs up the posterior aspect of the leg and passes between the heads of the gastrocnemius, then drains into the popliteal vein
What 3 things run together, encased in fascia, which make up the neurovascular bundle in the neck?
The common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve make up the carotid sheath.
What does the common carotid artery run lateral to as it ascends through the neck?
The common carotid artery runs lateral to the thyroid glands, the trachea and the larynx
What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?
The external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery
What do the branches of the external carotid artery supply?
The skull, the dura and all of the head outside the cranial cavity, apart from the orbit
What arteries supply the brain?
The internal carotid artery and the vertebral arteries
What does the internal jugular vein receive as it comes past the angle of the mandible?
The common facial vein
By what muscle is the internal jugular vein covered?
The sternocleidomastoid
What does the superior vena cava bifurcate into?
2 brachiocephalic veins
Where is the exterior jugular vein found?
The external jugular vein is formed below the ear and is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, crossing its lateral border and passing behind the clavicle to join the subclavian vein
Where does the anterior jugular vein empty into?
The subclavian vein
What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?
The tricuspid valve
What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?
The mitral (bicuspid) valve
What is the name of the valve leaving the right ventricle?
The pulmonary valve
What is the name of the valve leaving the left ventricle?
The aortic valve
What is the difference between the atrioventricular valves and the pulmonary and aortic valves?
The tricuspid and mitral valves had cordae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when blood is forced through the pulmonary and aortic valves
What is S1?
The start of systole, where a ‘Lub’ sound can be heard, which is the sound of the atrioventricular valves closing
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the aortic valve?
The second intercostal space, to the right of the sternal body
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the pulmonary valve?
The second intercostal space, to the left of the sternal body
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the tricuspid valve?
The fourth intercostal space, to the left of the sternal body
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the mitral valve?
The fifth intercostal space, in the left midclavicular line
What do the cordae tendinae anchor to?
The papillary muscles
What is the name of the sac in which the heart is found?
The pericardium
What is the name of the condition where there’s bleeding into the pericardium?
Cardiac tamponade
What are the names of the 2 layers of the pericardium and which is which?
The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer, and the parietal serous pericardium is the inner lining
What is the meaning of the term serous?
Serous means that it produces fluid that allows for friction-free movement (of the heart inside the sac)
What is the first part of the respiratory tract?
The nasal cavity
What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?
The vestibule, the respiratory region and the olfactory region
Describe the vestibule
The vestibule is the area surrounding the anterior external opening of the nasal cavity
Describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
The respiratory region is lined by a ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium. interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells
Describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
The olfactory region is located at the apex of the nasal cavity and is lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors.
What are the 3 pairs of conchal bones called?
The inferior conchal, middle conchal and superior conchal bones
What are the pathways between the conchal bones called?
The inferior meatus, the middle meatus, the superior meatus and the spheno-ethmoidal recess
What is the inferior meatus?
The pathway between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity
What is the middle concha?
The pathway between the inferior and middle conchae
What is the superior concha?
The pathway between the middle and superior conchae
What is the spheno-ethmoidal recess?
The pathway found superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
What is the function of the concha?
To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, proving for rapid warming and humidification of inspired air as it moves towards the lungs
Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?
The nasal cavity
Where do the frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses open into?
They open into the middle meatus
What marks the location of this opening into the middle meatus?
The semilunar hiatus
What surface do the middle ethmoidal sinuses empty out onto?
The ethmoidal bulla
Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open out at?
The level of the superior meatus
What’s the name of the only structure not to open out onto the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and where does it drain?
The sphenoid sinus drains onto the posterior roof
Where does the pharynx begin and end?
Begins at the base of the skull and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
Name the 3 parts of the pharynx
The nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Where’s the nasopharynx found?
Between the base of the skull and the soft palate
What is the respiratory function of the nasopharynx?
The nasopharynx conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx
What lines the inner surface of the nasopharynx?
A ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells which can secrete mucus
What tonsils are found in the posterosuperior nasopharynx, and between what ages do they enlarge before regressing?
The adenoid tonsils enlarge between the ages of 3 and 8
If pathologically enlarged due to viral infections of the URT, adenoid tonsils can obstruct the opening of which tube?
The Eustachian tube
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
The Eustachian tube is responsible for equalising pressure in the middle ear with the outer atmosphere. Chronic obstruction of the Eustachian tube prevents this.
Where is the oropharynx located?
Between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis
The oropharynx contains the posterior 1/3rd of…
…the tongue
What tonsils does the oropharynx contain?
The lingual tonsils (under the tongue) and the palatine tonsils- lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa.
What muscle is found in the oropharynx?
The superior constrictor muscle
What’s Waldeyer’s ring?
The ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso- and oropharynx, formed by the paired palatine tonsils, the adenoid tonsils and the lingual tonsils
What is the oropharynx involved in? (2 phases)
The oropharynx is involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing.
Where’s the laryngopharynx located?
Between the superior border of the epiglottis and he inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).
What’s the laryngopharynx continuous with inferiorly?
The oesophagus
What is the laryngopharynx posterior too?
The larynx
The laryngopharynx contains 2 constrictors. What are they called?
The middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
Where is the larynx located?
The larynx is an organ located in the anterior neck
List 3 functions of the larynx
Phonation, the cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract
What is the larynx made up of for the most part?
The larynx is mainly cartilaginous, and it’s held together by a series of ligaments and membranes
Which spinal levels does the larynx span from?
C3 to C6
The larynx is suspended from which bone?
The hyoid bone
What is the larynx continuous with inferiorly?
The trachea
What is posterior to the larynx?
The oesophagus
The larynx’s internal cavity can be separated into 3 sections. Name them
The supraglottis. the glottis and the subglottis
In which of the 3 parts of the larynx are the vocal cords?
The glottis
What’s the name of the gap between the vocal cords?
Rima glottidis
What lines the interior surface of the larynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
The true vocal cords are not lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, What are they lined by?
A stratified squamous epithelium
What is the condition caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Vocal cord paralysis
What make up the tracheobrachial tree?
The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
Where does the trachea start and finish?
The trachea starts at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and runs down to the point at which it bifurcates: carina (T4).
What does the trachea run anterior to as it descends?
The oesophagus
What muscle supports the open ends of the C-shaped cartilage rings that hold open the trachea?
Trachealis
What are the trachea and bronchi lined by?
A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells
What is the mucociliary escalator?
The combination of the sweeping cilia and the mucus from the goblet cells as a mechanism to trap inhaled particles and pathogens and moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed
From what nerve does the trachea receive sensory innervation?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
Where does arterial blood supply to the trachea come from?
The tracheal branches of the inferior thyroid artery
What 3 veins are responsible for venous drainage of the trachea?
The brachiocephalic vein
The azygous vein
The accessory hemiazygous vein
What does each secondary bronchus supply?
A different lobe of the lungs
How are the left and right principle bronchi different?
The right bronchus is wider, shorter and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart
Why is the difference in the principle bronchi clinically important?
The structure of the right bronchus results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation
What’s the name for the ‘functional unit’ of the lung?
Bronchopulmonary segments
What do the lobar bronchi bifurcate into?
Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi
What component of bronchi and the trachea is different in shape?
Their cartilage
What shape is the cartilage in the main bronchi?
Complete circles
The segmental bronchi branch further into what structures?
Bronchioles
What don’t bronchioles contain?
Bronchioles don’t contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells
What are the specialised cells in bronchioles called and what do they produce?
Club cells produce a surfactant lipoprotein which is instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration
What do conducting bronchioles end as?
Terminal bronchioles
What do terminal bronchioles branch further into?
Respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli extending from their lumens
Describe alveoli
Tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls made of simple squamous epithelium. The site of gas exchange in the lungs, providing a large surface area
How many alveoli are there roughly in adult lungs
300 million
What’s another name for the pituitary gland?
The hypophysis
Describe the structure and position of the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure, suspended from the underside of the brain by the pituitary stalk (the infundibulum). It sits in a small depression in the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica.
What’s the name of the reflection of the dura mater through which the infundibulum passes?
The diaphragma sellae
What is anterior to the pituitary gland?(The gland can be accessed via this structure in surgery)
The sphenoid sinus
What 4 things are found posterior to the pituitary gland?
The posterior intercavernous sinus, the dorsum sellae, the basilar artery and the pons
What sinus is lateral to the pituitary gland?
The cavernous sinus
What are the names of the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?
The anterior lobe is called the adenohypophysis. The posterior lobe is called the neurohypophysis.
What are the names of the 3 parts of the anterior lobe?
Pars anterior, Pars intermediate and Pars tuberalis
What is pars anterior responsible for?
Pars anterior is responsible for hormone secretion.
Via what vessels does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland to control hormone release?
The hypophyseal portal vessels
What is the importance of the hypophyseal portal vessels?
These vessels ensure that the hypothalamic hormones remain concentrated, rather than being diluted in the systemic circulation
What tissue type does the posterior lobe of the pituitary consist of?
Nervous tissue
Upon stimulation, which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
ADH and oxytocin
What is the function of ADH?
Regulation of blood osmolarity
What is the function of oxytocin?
Parturition and milk secretion
How many bones make up the cranium?
There are 8 bones
What does the sphenoid bone consist of?
A body, paired greater wings and lesser wings, and 2 pterygoid processes
What sinuses does the body of the sphenoid bone contain?
The sphenoid sinuses
With what bone does the sphenoid bone articulate with anteriorly and where do the sphenoid sinuses open up into ?
The sphenoid body articulates anteriorly with the ethmoid bone. Here, the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity
What structure is found on the superior surface of the sphenoid body?
The sella turcica, where the pituitary gland sits
What is the schismatic groove in the superior surface of the sphenoid body?
A sulcus formed by the optic chiasm (where the optic nerves partially cross).
In what direction do the greater wings extend from the sphenoid body?
A lateral, superior and posterior direction.
What 3 parts of the facial skeleton do the greater wings of the sphenoid bone contribute to?
The floor of the middle cranial fossa.
The lateral wall of the skull.
The posterolateral wall of the orbit.
What are the names of the 3 foramina present on each of the greater wings?
The foramen rotundum, foramen vale and foramen spinosum.
In what direction do the lesser wings arise from the sphenoid body?
A superolateral direction
What border of the optic canal does each lesser wing form?
The lateral border of the optic canal
The pterygoid processes descend inferiorly from what point of the sphenoid bone?
The pterygoid process descends inferiorly from the points of junction between the sphenoid body and the greater wings
What are the names of the 2 parts of the pterygoid processes?
The medial pterygoid plate and the lateral pterygoid plate
Where and at what spinal level does the hyoid bone lie?
The hyoid bone lies at ~C3, at the base of the mandible in the anterior neck
What is the hyoid bone composed of?
A body, 2 greater horns and 2 lesser horns
From what chamber of the heart does the aorta emerge?
The left ventricle
What three arteries. branch off the aortic arch?
First branch- brachiocephalic artery.
Second branch- Left common carotid artery
Third branch- Left subclavian artery
What does the brachiocephalic artery bifurcate into?
The right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery