APE 11: The GI system and the abdomen

Question 1

What are the 3 parts of the oral cavity?

Answer 1

The oral vestibule- the space between the lips and the teeth
The oral cavity proper
The oropharynx

Question 2

What are the 3 salivary glands?

Answer 2

The parotid gland
The submandibular gland
The sublingual gland

Question 3

Where do all 3 salivary glands empty into?

Answer 3

The oral cavity

Question 4

What’s the name of the papillae towards the front of the tongue?

Answer 4

Fungiform papillae

Question 5

What’s the name of the papillae on the middle of the tongue?

Answer 5

Filiform papillae

Question 6

What’s the name of the papillae at the back of the tongue?

Answer 6

Vallate papillae

Question 7

What’s the name of the papillae on the lateral faces of the tongue?

Answer 7

Foliate papillae

Question 8

Which papillae aren’t associated with taste?

Answer 8

The filiform papillae aren’t associated with taste

Question 9

From what structural markings and vertebral levels does the oesophagus extend?

Answer 9

The oesophagus starts at C6, the pharynx-oesophagal junction, and ends at the cardiac orifice of the stomach (T11)

Question 10

What’s the function of the oesophagus?

Answer 10

To transport food from the pharynx to the stomach, using peristalsis.

Question 11

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

Answer 11

T10

Question 12

What’s the ABCD pattern of oesophageal constriction?

Answer 12

A-arch of the aorta
B- bronchus
C- cricoid cartilage
D- diaphragmatic hiatus

Question 13

What are gastric rugae?

Answer 13

Folds in the gastric mucosa that allow the stomach to expand

Question 14

In what quadrant and region of the abdomen is the liver found?

Answer 14

The upper right quadrant; the right hypochondriac region

Question 15

Where’s the gall bladder found in relation to the liver?

Answer 15

The gall bladder is attached to the inferior surface of the liver.

Question 16

What’s the function of the gall bladder?

Answer 16

To store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver, and to release it into the small intestine during digestion.

Question 17

What hormone signals for the gallbladder to contract and secrete bile into the small intestine through the common bile duct?

Answer 17

Cholecystokinin

Question 18

An excess of either of what 3 things can cause gallstones?

Answer 18

Bilirubin, bile salts of cholesterol

Question 19

What are gallstones?

Answer 19

Gallstones are small, hard deposits inside the gallbladder that are formed when stored bile crystallises

Question 20

In what quadrant and region of the abdomen is the spleen found?

Answer 20

The upper left quadrant; the left hypochondriac region

Question 21

What’s the importance (function) of the spleen?

Answer 21

The spleen is important for keeping body fluids balanced.

Question 22

What 2 different types of tissue does the spleen consist of and what are they made of?

Answer 22

The red pulp tissue filters the blood and gets rid of old or damaged red blood cells. The white pulp tissue consists of immune cells (T and B cells) and helps the immune system fight infection

Question 23

What organ is the duodenum part of?

Answer 23

The small intestine

Question 24

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

Answer 24

The superior duodenum, the descending duodenum, the horizontal duodenum and the ascending duodenum

Question 25

Where does the duodenum terminate?

Answer 25

The duodenojejunal flexure

Question 26

What 3 things does the duodenum receive?

Answer 26

Chyme, bile and enzymes

Question 27

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

Answer 27

The duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

Question 28

Where does the small intestine become the large intestine?

Answer 28

The ileocecal junction

Question 29

What’s the ratio of jejunum: ileum in terms of length?

Answer 29

2:3

Question 30

Name 2 structural differences between the jejunum and ileum

Answer 30

The jejunum has a wider lumen and thicker walls than the ileum

Question 31

What’s the first part of the large intestine?

Answer 31

The caecum

Question 32

What are the 7 following parts of the colon?

Answer 32

The ascending colon, the hepatic flexure, the transverse colon, the splenic flexure, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon and the rectum

Question 33

From what 4 places does the portal vein take blood to the liver?

Answer 33

The alimentary canal, the pancreas, the spleen and the gallbladder