Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy yr 1 > ABDOMEN V > Flashcards

ABDOMEN V Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

The bodies of the lumbar vertebrae, floating ribs 11 and 12, the ilium of the pelvis, the sacrum and the sacroiliac joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At what level do the iliac tubercle and iliac crest lie, and what’s the clinical importance?

A

L4. This is a safe place for a lumbar puncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What muscle group does the ASIS give attachment to?

A

The quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does psoas major arise and insert?

A

Arises from vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs of T12-L4, and the transverse processes of L1-L5. Inserts at the lesser trochanter of the femur as the iliopsoas tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the action of psoas major?

A

Flex the thigh at the hip joint and flex the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What nerves innervate psoas major?

A

The anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What branch supplies the psoas major with blood?

A

The lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the origin and insertion of iliacus?

A

Origin- the upper 2/3 of the iliac fossa, the internal lip of the iliac crest, the lateral aspect of the sacrum
Insertion- lesser trochanter of the femur (anterior to the fibres of psoas major)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action of iliacus?

A

Flexion of the hip joint and trunk and external rotation of the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Quadratus lumborum origin and insertion

A

Origin- iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament

Insertion- inferior border of the 12th rib, and the transverse processes of vertebrae L1-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of quadratus lumborum

A

Bilateral contraction fixes ribs 12 during inspiration and causes trunk extension.
Unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral flexion of the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Innervation to quadratus lumborum

A

Subcostal nerve T12, and the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Innervation to iliacus

A

Branches of spinal nerves L2-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Origin and insertion of psoas minor

A

Origin- vertebral bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae

Insertion- branches of the lumbar plexus (L1-L3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Functions of psoas minor

A

Weak trunk flexion and lateral trunk flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A

The lumbar vertebra and arcuate ligaments
The costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and directly to ribs 11 and 12
The xiphoid process of the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae?

A

The right and left crura, which are tendinous in structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What vertebrae does the right crus arise from?

A

L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the physiological importance of the right crus?

A

Some of its fibres wrap around the LOS, acting as a component of the sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What vertebrae does the left crus arise from?

A

L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form?

A

A central tendon which ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the caval hiatus at T8 allow passage of?

A

The IVC and terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the oesophageal hiatus allow passage of?

A

The oesophagus, right and left vagus nerves, and the oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery/vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the aortic hiatus allow passage of?

A

The aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do the hiatuses of the diaphragm lie in relation to eachother?

A

The caval hiatus is the most anterior, lying slightly to the right. The oesophageal hiatus is more to the left, then the aortic hiatus is just anterior to the spinal column, and central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the median arcuate ligament?

A

An arch-shaped ligament under the diaphragm that connects the right and left crura. The aortic hiatus is deep to the ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What can compression of the coeliac artery and coeliac ganglia by the median arcuate ligament lead to?

A

Median arcuate ligament syndrome (characterised by abdominal pain, weight loss and an epigastric bruit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the iliohypogastric nerve of the lumbar plexus (L1) provide?

A

Sensory innervation to the posterolateral gluteal skin and the skin over mons pubis. Motor innervation to internal oblique and transversus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve of the lumbar plexus (L1) provide?

A

Sensory innervation to skin in the upper medial thigh, the skin over the root of the penis and anterior scrotum or mons pubis and labia majora. Motor innervation to the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve of the lumbar plexus (L1-L2) provide?

A

Sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior scrotum or mons pubis and labia majora, and skin of the upper anterior thigh. Motor innervation to the cremaster muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3) provide?

A

Sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior and lateral thigh to the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the femoral nerve of the lumbar plexus (L2-L4) provide?

A

Sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg. Motor innervation to iliacus, pectineus and quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the obturator nerve of the lumbar plexus (L2-L4) provide?

A

Sensory innervation to the skin of the medial thigh. Motor innervation to the obturator externus, pectineus and muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is the IVC formed?

A

At the level of L5, where the common iliac veins unite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What’s the yellow cortex of adrenal glands derived from?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is synthesised at the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

Catecholamines

37
Q

What is the brown medulla of the adrenal glands derived from?

A

The neural crest

38
Q

What is synthesised at the medulla of the adrenal glands

A

ZG-mineralocorticoids
ZF- glucocorticoids
ZR- androgens

39
Q

At what level are the hila of the kidneys?

A

L1

40
Q

What is the renal angle?

A

The area between the 12th rib and the lateral border of the erector spinae muscle, where the kidney can be palpated

41
Q

How’s the descending duodenum related to the right kidney?

A

It runs anteriorly to it, close to the hilum

42
Q

What muscle is posterior to the kidneys?

A

Quadratus lumborum

43
Q

What muscle is posteromedial to the kidneys?

A

Psoas major

44
Q

What’s found within the perirenal space?

A

Perinephric fat

45
Q

What are renal columns?

A

Extensions of the renal cortex between the pyramids

46
Q

Are pyramids part of the cortex or medulla of the kidney?

A

The medulla

47
Q

What do renal papillae open into?

A

A minor calyx

48
Q

What do minor calyxces merge to form?

A

Major calyces

49
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

A cavity continuous with the renal pelvis

50
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

A funnel-ended, dilated part of the ureter

51
Q

Describe the contents of the hilum of the kidney from anterior to posterior

A

The renal vein, the renal artery, the ureter

VAU

52
Q

What is the hepatorenal pouch of Morrison?

A

The space that separates the liver from the right kidney. As a potential space, the recess is not filled with fluid under normal conditions

53
Q

At what level do the renal arteries branch off the aorta?

A

L1-L2

54
Q

Which renal artery is longer?

A

The right renal artery is longer than the left

55
Q

Briefly describe the branching of the renal arteries

A

The renal artery gives off 5 segmental arteries, 4 anterior and 1 posterior. These each then give off lobar arteries, which give off interlobar arteriestowards the cortex, which give off arcuate arteries that give off interlobular arteries that ascend into the cortex and give off afferent glomerular arterioles

56
Q

Describe the left renal vein in comparison to the right renal vein

A

Enters the IVC superior to the right renal vein. 3x longer than the right renal vein. Preferred side for a live donor nephrectomy

57
Q

What is the right renal vein posterior to?

A

The 2nd part of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas

58
Q

What do the interlobular veins receive?

A

The efferent glomerular veins

59
Q

What nodes do the lymphatics of the kidneys drain into?

A

The left and right lumbar nodes near the origin of the renal arteries

60
Q

What nerves give vasomotor regulation of bloodflow and renin secretion?

A

Nerves of the renal plexus, as well as post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres from T10-L2

61
Q

What are staghorn calculi?

A

Calculi made from struvite. Recurrent UTI causes increase in ammonia production, increase in pH and decreased phosphate solubility

62
Q

How does the course of the ureters in the abdomen relate to psoas major, the genitofemoral nerve, the gonadal vessels, and the bifurcation of the common iliac artery?

A

They pass anteriorly to psoas major and cross the genitofemoral nerve anteriorly. They are obliquely crossed by the gonadal vessels. They then cross the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries to enter the pelvis

63
Q

How does the course of the ureters in the pelvis relate to the internal iliac artery, the ischial spine, vas deferens/ the uterine artery, and the wall of the bladder?

A

The ureters run down anteriorly to the internal iliac artery to reach the ischial spine, where they turn anteromedially. Near their termination, they are crossed by vas deferens or the uterine artery. They pass obliquely through the bladder wall for about 3/4 inch, before opening into the bladder cavity

64
Q

Where is pain referred from renal and ureteric calculi?

A

From the loin to the groin

65
Q

What is ureteric colic?

A

Severe intermittent pain due to contraction of ureteric muscles to overcome an obstruction, usually due to a stone or clot formation

66
Q

What are the 3 points of constriction of the ureter?

A

The ureteropelvic junction
The crossing of the common iliac artery
The site of entrance to the bladder

67
Q

What 4 arteries supply the ureter?

A

The renal artery, gonadal artery, common iliac artery, and internal iliac artery

68
Q

Is the bladder intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal?

A

Extraperitoneal

69
Q

What is the retropubic space of Retzius?

A

The space between the pubic symphysis and the bladder in both males and females

70
Q

Where’s the prostate in relation to the bladder?

A

Directly posterior

71
Q

What’s the importance of the median umbilical ligament that runs from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

It’s a remnant of the urachus, a fibrous remnant of allantois. This functioned to drain the foetal urinary bladder

72
Q

What is the pubovesical ligament in females?

A

A ligament attached to the pubic symphysis which wraps around the neck of the bladder and the urethra.

73
Q

What causes stress incontinence after parturition?

A

Increased intraabdominal pressure causes the neck to be below the pelvic floor

74
Q

What is the puboprostatic ligament in males?

A

A ligament attached to the pubic symphysis that wraps around the prostate

75
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the bladder

A

The bladder is supplied by the superior vesical artery- a branch of the umbilical artery from the anteiror trunk of the internal iliac. In males, there’s also the inferior vesical artery. Its ‘female equivalent’ is the vaginal artery

76
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the bladder

A

The bladder is drained by the vesical venous plexus, which drains into the internal iliac vein

77
Q

What’s the sympathetic innervation of the bladder for urine retention?

A

T10-L2 spinal nerves that enter into the sympathetic chain and synapse in the pre-vertebral plexi

78
Q

What’s the parasympathetic innervation to the bladder for micturition?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) pass through the inferior hypogastric plexus

79
Q

Describe the lining of the femal urethra

A

The proximal 2/3 is lined by transitional epithelium. The distal 1/3 is stratified squamous epithelium

80
Q

What are the 4 parts to the male urethra?

A

The pre-prostatic urethra, the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra and the spongy urethra

81
Q

What does the ureteropelvic junction usually coincide with?

A

The transverse processes of L2

82
Q

What bony landmark does the crossing of the ureter over the common iliac artery coincide with?

A

The sacroiliac joint

83
Q

What bony landmark does the ureters’ entrance to the bladder coincide with?

A

An imaginary line form the AIIS to the bladder

84
Q

What’s an ectopic kidney and symptoms?

A

A congenital defect in which a kidney is located in an abnormal position, e.g. the pelvic cavity or inguinal position. It’s mostly asymptomatic, but can give urinary problems, and can lead to hydronephrosis due to blockage

85
Q

What is nephroptosis (floating kidney, wandering kidney, renal ptosis)?

A

A condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. It’s more common in women than men

86
Q

What does the urachus connect and what happens to it at 32 weeks?

A

The urachus connects the urinary bladder to the umbilicus. At 32 weeks, urachus obliterates to become the median umbilical ligament. When covered with parietal peritoneum, it’s called the median umbilical fold

87
Q

What does the neurovascular plane run between?

A

The internal oblique and transversus abdominis

88
Q

Where do the gonads develop?

A

Close to the posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy yr 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions