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Anatomy yr 1 > APE 6: Respiratory system > Flashcards

APE 6: Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first part of the respiratory tract?

A

The nasal cavity

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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?

A

The vestibule, the respiratory region and the olfactory region

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3
Q

Describe the vestibule

A

The vestibule is the area surrounding the anterior external opening of the nasal cavity

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4
Q

Describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

The respiratory region is lined by a ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium. interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells

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5
Q

Describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A

The olfactory region is located at the apex of the nasal cavity and is lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors.

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6
Q

What are the 3 pairs of conchal bones called?

A

The inferior conchal, middle conchal and superior conchal bones

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7
Q

What are the pathways between the conchal bones called?

A

The inferior meatus, the middle meatus, the superior meatus and the spheno-ethmoidal recess

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8
Q

What is the inferior meatus?

A

The pathway between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity

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9
Q

What is the middle concha?

A

The pathway between the inferior and middle conchae

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10
Q

What is the superior concha?

A

The pathway between the middle and superior conchae

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11
Q

What is the spheno-ethmoidal recess?

A

The pathway found superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha

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12
Q

What is the function of the concha?

A

To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, proving for rapid warming and humidification of inspired air as it moves towards the lungs

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13
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

The nasal cavity

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14
Q

Where do the frontal, the maxillary and the anterior ethmoidal sinuses open into?

A

They open into the middle meatus

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15
Q

What marks the location of this opening into the middle meatus?

A

The semilunar hiatus

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16
Q

What surface do the middle ethmoidal sinuses empty out onto?

A

The ethmoidal bulla

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17
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open out at?

A

The level of the superior meatus

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18
Q

What’s the name of the only structure not to open out onto the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and where does it drain?

A

The sphenoid sinus drains onto the posterior roof

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19
Q

Where does the pharynx begin and end?

A

Begins at the base of the skull and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

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20
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

The nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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21
Q

Where’s the nasopharynx found?

A

Between the base of the skull and the soft palate

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22
Q

What is the respiratory function of the nasopharynx?

A

The nasopharynx conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx

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23
Q

What lines the inner surface of the nasopharynx?

A

A ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells which can secrete mucus

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24
Q

What tonsils are found in the posterosuperior nasopharynx, and between what ages do they enlarge before regressing?

A

The adenoid tonsils enlarge between the ages of 3 and 8

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25
Q

If pathologically enlarged due to viral infections of the URT, adenoid tonsils can obstruct the opening of which tube?

A

The Eustachian tube

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26
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

The Eustachian tube is responsible for equalising pressure in the middle ear with the outer atmosphere. Chronic obstruction of the Eustachian tube prevents this.

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27
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis

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28
Q

The oropharynx contains the posterior 1/3rd of…

A

…the tongue

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29
Q

What tonsils does the oropharynx contain?

A

The lingual tonsils (under the tongue) and the palatine tonsils- lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa.

30
Q

What muscle is found in the oropharynx?

A

The superior constrictor muscle

31
Q

What’s Waldeyer’s ring?

A

The ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso- and oropharynx, formed by the paired palatine tonsils, the adenoid tonsils and the lingual tonsils

32
Q

What is the oropharynx involved in? (2 phases)

A

The oropharynx is involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing.

33
Q

Where’s the laryngopharynx located?

A

Between the superior border of the epiglottis and he inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).

34
Q

What’s the laryngopharynx continuous with inferiorly?

A

The oesophagus

35
Q

What is the laryngopharynx posterior to?

A

The larynx

36
Q

The laryngopharynx contains 2 constrictors. What are they called?

A

The middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

37
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

The larynx is an organ located in the anterior neck

38
Q

List 3 functions of the larynx

A

Phonation, the cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract

39
Q

What is the larynx made up of for the most part?

A

The larynx is mainly cartilaginous, and it’s held together by a series of ligaments and membranes

40
Q

Which spinal levels does the larynx span from?

A

C3 to C6

41
Q

The larynx is suspended from which bone?

A

The hyoid bone

42
Q

What is the larynx continuous with inferiorly?

A

The trachea

43
Q

What is posterior to the larynx?

A

The oesophagus

44
Q

The larynx’s internal cavity can be separated into 3 sections. Name them

A

The supraglottis. the glottis and the subglottis

45
Q

In which of the 3 parts of the larynx are the vocal cords?

A

The glottis

46
Q

What’s the name of the gap between the vocal cords?

A

Rima glottidis

47
Q

What lines the interior surface of the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

48
Q

The true vocal cords are not lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, What are they lined by?

A

A stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

What is the condition caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Vocal cord paralysis

50
Q

What make up the tracheobrachial tree?

A

The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

51
Q

Where does the trachea start and finish?

A

The trachea starts at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and runs down to the point at which it bifurcates: carina (T4).

52
Q

What does the trachea run anterior to as it descends?

A

The oesophagus

53
Q

What muscle supports the open ends of the C-shaped cartilage rings that hold open the trachea?

A

Trachealis

54
Q

What are the trachea and bronchi lined by?

A

A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

55
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

The combination of the sweeping cilia and the mucus from the goblet cells as a mechanism to trap inhaled particles and pathogens and moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed

56
Q

From what nerve does the trachea receive sensory innervation?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve

57
Q

Where does arterial blood supply to the trachea come from?

A

The tracheal branches of the inferior thyroid artery

58
Q

What 3 veins are responsible for venous drainage of the trachea?

A

The brachiocephalic vein
The azygous vein
The accessory hemiazygous vein

59
Q

What does each secondary bronchus supply?

A

A different lobe of the lungs

60
Q

How are the left and right principle bronchi different?

A

The right bronchus is wider, shorter and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart

61
Q

Why is the difference in the principle bronchi clinically important?

A

The structure of the right bronchus results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation

62
Q

What’s the name for the ‘functional unit’ of the lung?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

63
Q

What do the lobar bronchi bifurcate into?

A

Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi

64
Q

What component of bronchi and the trachea is different in shape?

A

Their cartilage

65
Q

What shape is the cartilage in the main bronchi?

A

Complete circles

66
Q

The segmental bronchi branch further into what structures?

A

Bronchioles

67
Q

What don’t bronchioles contain?

A

Bronchioles don’t contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells

68
Q

What are the specialised cells in bronchioles called and what do they produce?

A

Club cells produce a surfactant lipoprotein which is instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration

69
Q

What do conducting bronchioles end as?

A

Terminal bronchioles

70
Q

What do terminal bronchioles branch further into?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli extending from their lumens

71
Q

Describe alveoli

A

Tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls made of simple squamous epithelium. The site of gas exchange in the lungs, providing a large surface area

72
Q

How many alveoli are there roughly in adult lungs

A

300 million

Anatomy yr 1 (20 decks)

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