Thorax 3

Question 1

What is the sternal angle also known as?

Answer 1

Sternal angle also known as angle of louis

Question 2

Phrenic nerve course and rhyme

Answer 2

C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive

Question 3

Relation between ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 3

Aortic arch passes posteriorly to the ligamentum arteriosum

Question 4

What is the course of the left phrenic nerve before it inserts into the diaphragm?

Answer 4

Left phrenic nerve runs over the course of the pericardium to insert directly into the diaphragm

Question 5

What does the right phrenic nerve pass anterior to?

Answer 5

Passing anteror to the hilum of the lung

Question 6

What is the course of the left vagus nerve around the heart?

Answer 6

Passes down and loops around arch of aorta and posterior to ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 7

What is the course of the right vagus nerve around the heart?

Answer 7

Passes down anterior, over brachocephalic, and loops around recurrent laryngeal posteriorly to supply the larynx

Question 8

How does the vagus nerve innervate the oesophagus?

Answer 8

The vagus nerves continue down posteriorly to innervate and supply oesophagus

Question 9

What is the cardiothoracic ratio?

Answer 9

Ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter. To maximal horizontal thoracic diameter

Question 10

Abnormal chest x-ray:

If left side of diaphragm is raised to high, what does this imply?

Answer 10

-Therefore damage to left phrenic nerve–>Paralysed left hemidiaphragm

Question 11

What is horner’s syndrome caused by the damage of?

Answer 11

Caused by damage to certain sympathetic pathways to the eyes

Question 12

What are the symptoms of horner’s syndrome?

Answer 12

• Droopy eyelid
• Constricted pupil(Miosis)
• Anhidrosis(lack of sweating in one side)

Question 13

What does the azygos vein loop over?

Answer 13

Loops over hilum of lung

Question 14

What does the azygos vein drains into?

Answer 14

Drains into the superior vena cava

Question 15

Where does the azygos vein develop and originate?

Answer 15

Develops and originates from the abdomen

Question 16

What is the azygos veins function?

Answer 16

It is the posterior drainage distribution from the veins that drain back into the posterior aspect of the azygos vein

Question 17

Where does the accessory azygos drain directly into?

Answer 17

Drains directly into superior vena cava but also subclavian and brachiocephalic vein

Question 18

Where does the hemiazygos cross and what vein does it join?

Answer 18

Hemiazygos crosses over at about T8 to join azygos vein

Question 19

What is the thoracic duct?

Answer 19

Thoracic duct is the drainage from the lymphatic system from the lower limbs posteriorly up to the thoracic cavity.

Question 20

What does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 20

Drains into the subclavian or brachiocephalic on the left side or into the right subclavian

Question 21

What is the anterior medium part of the diaphragm developed from?

Answer 21

Anterior medium part of diaphragm is developed from the septum transversa

Question 22

What is the posterior medial part of the diaphragm developed from?

Answer 22

Posterior medial part of diaphragm is developed from the primitive dorsal mesentery

Question 23

What are the lateral borders of the diaphragm part of?

Answer 23

Lateral borders are parts of the body wall

Question 24

What is the peritoneum canal is closed by?

Answer 24

Peritoneum canal is closed by the membrane.

Question 25

What is congenital diaphragmatic hernia due to?

Answer 25

Due to the failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to close canals