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Images of Anatomy > Introduction to imaging > Flashcards

Introduction to imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What does the transducer in ultrasound produce and at what frequency?

A

Theres a transducer producing high frequency sound beams at a frequency of (2-20MHz)

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2
Q

What does the computer analysis convert and into what in ultrasound scanning?

A

The computer analysis converts reflected sound waves into an electrical signal and grey-scale image

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3
Q

What are the high frequency sound waves in ultrasound generated by?

A

generated by electric crystals within the ultrasound transducer

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4
Q

How does fat appear as in ultrasound and why?

A

Fat is high reflectivity of sound waves on ultrasound and appears white

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5
Q

How does fluid appear in ultrasound?

A

Fluid(bile and blood) appears black on ultrasound

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6
Q

How do we differentiate between fat and calcified prodcuts?

A

Sound waves are unable to penetrate calcium and so we get an acoustic shadow

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7
Q

What is ultrasound scanning used in?

A
  • Assessment of liver and biliary tract, solid organs
  • Renal imaging: Kidney size, collecting systems, masses, calculi and cysts
  • Occult abdominal collections, abscesses
  • Obestric and gynaecological disease
  • Vascular/doppler imaging
  • Muscoskeletal
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8
Q

What frequency of sound waves give better resolution and why?

A

Higher frequency sound waves give better resolution because the wavelength is smaller

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9
Q

What frequency of sound wave penetrate deeper into the body?

A

Lower frequency sound waves penetrate deeper.

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10
Q

Why is an ultrasound gel used?

A

Ultrasound gel is used to exclude air between the patient skin and probe

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11
Q

What are plain films(X-rays) used in?

A

Used in X-rays for fractures

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12
Q

What gram is being formed by plain films?

A

A shadow gram is being formed

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13
Q

What color does bone appear in plain films?

A

Bones appear white

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14
Q

What color does soft tissue appear in plain films

A

Soft tissue appear grey

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15
Q

What is mammography used to look for and why?

A

Mammography is lesser x-rays looking for breast disease

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16
Q

Why do bones appear white on plain films?

A

Ca2+ in bones stops x-rays from penetrating hence bones appear white on x-rays

17
Q

Why is contrast medium added in contrast studies?

A

Contrast medium is added to look at a particular structure in more detail

18
Q

What contrast medium is used for enteral structures?

A

Barium or iodine based(low osmolar non ionic) compounds for GI tract

19
Q

What contrast medium is used for intravenous structure and what is it used in?

A

Iodinated

Used for urography and venography

20
Q

What contrast medium is used for intra-arterial structure and what is it used in?

A
  • Iodinated

- Used in peripheral vascular disease, coronary disease, renal transplants, cerebral circulation

21
Q

What contrast medium is used for ducts and tubes and what is it used in?

A
  • Iodinated

- Used in salivary, naso-lacrimal, urethra, fallopian tubes

22
Q

What is computed tomography(CT) used in?

A
  • Used in:
    • Strokes
    • Staging of malignant disease
    • Trauma
    • Pancreas and retroperitoneum
    • Abdominal disease
      • Chest mass and diffuse lung disease
23
Q

How does blood appear in a CT scan immediately and after a while when its an acute haemorrhage?

A
  • Blood appears bright

- Blood turns grey after a while and eventually dark

24
Q

How does fluid appear in a CT scan?

A

Fluid will appear dark

25
Q

Contrast between fat and fluid on CT scan

A

Fluid will appear dark

26
Q

How does soft tissue appear in CT scans?

A

Soft tissue appears grey

27
Q

Contrast between air and fat in CT scan

A

Air is blacker than fat

28
Q

What does MRI use to form an image?

A

Uses a magnetic field to form an image

29
Q

How does a MRI scan work?

A

Radiofrequency pulse put through that excite hydrogen ions so that they rotate in a slightly different manner and release energy

30
Q

What are MRI scans used for?

A
  • High resolution of brain
  • Different cerebral disease
  • Multiple sclerosis, HIV
  • Spinal chord
  • Orthopaedic
  • Tumour staging
  • Biliary tree
  • Cardiac
31
Q

How does CSF appear in a T1 weighted MRI image?

A

CSF appears black

32
Q

How does fat appear in a T1 weighted MRI image?

A

Fat appears light grey/white

33
Q

How does soft tissue appear in a T1 weighted MRI image?

A

Soft tissue appears at various shades of grey

34
Q

How does CSF appear in T2 weighted image?

A

CSF appears white

35
Q

How does fat appear in T2 weighted image?

A

Fat appears dark

36
Q

What is the patient injected with in nuclear medicine?

A

Patient is injected with Technetium-99m

37
Q

What does the m in Technetium-99m stand for?

A

m means its metastable and decays and generates x-rays

38
Q

What is technetium attached to and depending on what?

A

Technetium is attached to certain compound depending on what structure we are scanning for

39
Q

What is nuclear medicine used in?

A
  • Bone scanning for malignant disease, trauma
  • Lung scanning
  • Renal function
  • White cell imaging
  • Cardiac

Images of Anatomy (12 decks)

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